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Metallurgiya

Metallurgiya (yun. metallurgeo -yerdan qazib chiqaraman) — rudalardan yoki tarkibida metall boʻlgan moddalardan metallar ajratib olish va metall qotishmalarga tegishli xossalar "berish" haqidagi fan; sanoat tarmogʻi. Metalli rudalardan metallarni ajratib olish qadimdan maʼlum. Arxeologik qazishmalarning dalolat berishicha, miloddan avvalgi 7—6-asrlardayoq ajdodlarimiz mis olish sirlarini bilishgan. Miloddan avvalgi 2-ming yillikda misning qalay bilan qotishmasi — bronza ishlatila boshladi; taxminan shu ming yillik oʻrtalaridan temir eritib olish boshlandi. Bunda rudalarni qoʻrada 1100— 1350° temperaturada bevosita qizdirib qaytarish usuli (eng oddiy usul) da temir olinardi. Oradan ancha vaqt oʻtib (14-asr oʻrtalaridan) choʻyan (qarang Domna ishlab chiqarishi), keyinroq (15-asrda) poʻlat olinadigan boʻldi. Poʻlat oʻtga chidamli idish — tigelda olingan. Oʻrta asrlarda sharqda oʻziga xos tuzilishga ega boʻlgan "naqsh"li "sinmas" poʻlat — damashq poʻlati olish sirlarini bilishgan. Undan oʻtkir tigʻli qurollar (mas, qilich) yasashgan. M.ga oid maʼlumotlar Abu Rayhon Beruniy asarlarida uchraydi. Keyin birin-ketin bessemer jarayoni, marten (qarang Marten ishlab chiqarishi) va tomas jarayoni qoʻllanila boshladi. M. fan sifatida asosan 18-asr ikkinchi yarmidan rivojlana boshladi. M.V. Lomonosovaing 1763-yilda yozgan "Metallurgiyaning boshlangʻich asoslari va ruda ishlari" kitobida M. asoslari yoritilgan. Rus olimi P. P. Anosov (1799—1851) damashq poʻlatini olishning ilmiy asosini ishlab chiqdi. D. I. Mendeleyev ham M. fani taraqqiyotiga katta hissa qoʻshgan.

M. quyidagi jarayonlarni oʻz ichiga oladi: rudalardan metall ajratib olish maqsadida ularga ishlov berish (rudalarni maydalash, boyitish, boʻlaklash va boshqalar); metallarni begona aralashmalardan tozalash (rafinatsiyalash); metall va qrtishmalarni olishning gidrometallurgiya, pirometallurgiya, shu jum ladan, metallotermiya va elektrolitik (qarang Elektroliz) usullarni tadqiq qilish; metall kukunlar olish va ulardan buyumlar tayyorlash (qarang Kukun metallurgiyasi); metallarni termik (issiklik bilan) ishlash, bosim bilan ishlash, quyish, payvandlash, kavsharlash, metallar sirtiga ximoya katlami surkash (purkash) va boshqa M.ning muhim sohasi — metallshunoslik.

M.ning taraqqiyoti metall va qotishmalarni uzluksiz quyish, ularga vaku-umda ishlov berish, ularni elektr pechlar, elektr-shlakli, elektr-nurli va plazmali qurilmalarda olish, dupleksjarayon va tripleksjarayon usullarini qoʻllashni yanada rivojlantirish bilan bogʻliq.

M. fizikaviy kimyo, fizika, issiqlik texnikasi, elektrotexnika, kibernetika, iqtisodiyot, ishlab chiqarishni avtomatlashtirish va boshqarish, koinotni oʻzlashtirish borasidagi ilmiy tadqiqotlarga suyanadi. M. yana konchilik sanoati, kimyo sanoati, mashinasozlik, oʻtga chidamli materiallar ishlab chiqarish tarmogʻi va boshqa tarmoqlar bilan bogʻliq (qarang Rangli metallurgiya, Qora metallurgiya).

Adabiyot

  • Mirboboyev V. A., Vasilyev G. P., Metallar texnologiyasi, T., 1971.

Fatxulla Abdullayev.[1]

Manbalar

  1. ↑ OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil



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