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Pekin

Pekin

xitoycha: 北京
Poytaxt shahar
Skyline of Pekin
39°54′14.51″N 116°24′27.11″E / 39.9040306°N 116.4075306°E / 39.9040306; 116.4075306
Mamlakat Xitoy
Pekin xaritada
Pekin
Pekin

Pekin yoki Beijing (xitoycha: 北京) — Xitoy Xalq Respublikasining poytaxti, dunyoning eng aholsi koʻp shaharlaridan biri. 2010-yilgi maʼlumotga koʻra shaharning aholisi 19 612 368 kishi boʻlgan. Pekin Shanxaydan keyingi ikkinchi eng yirik xitoy shahridir.

Pekin Xitoyning siyosiy, iqtisodiy, ilmiy va madaniy markazi. Buyuk Xitoy tekisligining shimoliy qismida, uch tomondan togʻlar bilan oʻralgan. Iqlimi moʻtadil, mussonli iqlim. Yanvarning oʻrtacha harorat —4,6°, iyulniki 26°. Yillik yogʻin 636 mm.

Pekin — Xitoyning eng qadimiy shaharlaridan. Miloddan avvalgi 2-ming yillikdayoq hozirgi Pekin oʻrnida aholi yashaganligi maʼlum. Miloddan avvalgi 1-mingyillik — milodiy X asr manbalarida shahar Szi deb atalgan. X asrda Shimoliy Xitoyni kidanlar bosib olgach, nomi Sitszin deb oʻzgartirilgan (936). Keyinchalik shahar kidanlar davlatining janubiy poytaxti — Nanszin boʻlib qolgan (937), 1153-yildan Szin davlati poytaxti. Bu davrda u Dasin (Chjundu) deb nomlangan. 1215-yilda shaharni moʻgʻullar istilo qilgan. 1263-yilda Xubilayxon Dasinni moʻgʻullar saltanati poytaxtiga aylantirgan va unga Xonbaliq (buyuk poytaxt, xitoycha Dadu) deb nom qoʻygan. Moʻgʻullar sulolasi Yuan davrida (1280—1368) shahar oʻrtasidan Buyuk kanal qazilgan. 1368-yilda Xitoydan moʻgʻullar quvib chiqarilgach, Beypin deb atalgan. 1421-yilda Min imperiyasi (1368—1644) poytaxti. Bu davrdan boshlab shahar hozirgi nomda Beyszin (Pekin) deb atala boshlagan. Sin (manjurlar sulolasi) davrida (1644—1911) Pekin imperiya poytaxti boʻlgan. 1912-yilda Sin monarxiyasi tugatilgach, Pekin Xitoy Respublikasi poytaxti. 1927-yil hokimiyat gomindanchilar qoʻliga oʻtgach, poytaxt Nankinga koʻchirildi. Pekin yana Beypin deb atala boshladi. 1937—45 yillarda Beypin yaponlar qoʻl ostida boʻldi. 1945—49 yillarda unda gomindanchilar hukmronlik qildi. 1949-yilda ulardan ozod qilinib Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi poytaxti deb eʼlon qilindi.

Pekin uzoq vaqt mamlakatning faqat maʼmuriy, harbiy va siyosiy markazi boʻlib keldi. Hunarmandchilik qadimdan rivojlangan boʻlib, chetga chiqarish uchun turli buyumlar tayyorlanar edi. Sanoati 1949-yildan rivojlana boshladi. Pekin — transport yoʻllarining yirik tuguni, mamlakatning yetakchi sanoat markazlaridan. Shaharda ikkita xalqaro aeroport faoliyat koʻrsatadi. Pekin va uning chekkalarida metallurgiya, stanoksozlik rivojlangan. Pekin shahridagi zamonaviy binolar, konstruksiyalar, avtomobilsozlik, qishloq xoʻjaligi, transport va energetika mashinasozligi, oziq-ovqat, elektrotexnika, telefon va radiotexnika, tibbiyot priborlari, sintetik va sunʼiy tola, toʻqimachilik, kimyo, neftni qayta ishlash, qurilish materiallari, poligrafiya, energetika korxonalari bor. Shahar yaqinida koʻmir qazib chiqariladi. Pekin metropoliteni dunyodagi eng koʻp yoʻlovchi tashiladigan metro tizimi hisoblanadi. Metroda kuniga 13 million, yiliga 3.9 milliard kishi tashiladi.

Meʼmorchiligida qadimgi xitoy shahar qurilishiga xos xususiyatlar — qalʼalarning devorlar bilan oʻralganligi, koʻchalar boʻylab shimolidan janubga va gʻarbdan sharqqa yoʻnalgan toʻrtburchak shakldagi turar joy kvartallari qurish asosiy oʻrinni egallaydi. XII asrga oid paxsa devorlarning qoldiklariga qaraganda shahar hozirgi Pekinning janubi-gʻarbiy qismida joylashgan. XIII asrda shahar shimolga tomon kengaya borgan. 1553-yilda atrofi gʻisht devor bilan oʻralgan "Tashqi shahar", oʻz navbatida, "Imperator shahri" majmuasini oʻz ichiga olgan. Bu majmua tarkibida koʻplab saroylar, ibodatxonalar, pagodalar, bogʻlar, tepaliklar va koʻllar boʻlgan. "Imperator shahri"ning markazi — "Taqiqlangan shahar"ning janubiy qismida "Osmon ibodatxonasi" ansambli (1420— 1530, XVIII-XIX asrlarda qayta qurilgan) joylashgan. Pekinning bosh maydoni Tyananminda Xitoy kengashi binosi, Xitoy tarixi mu-zeyi, Millatlar madaniyati saroyi, koʻrgazma paviloni va boshqa imoratlar qurilgan. Pekin va uning atrofida juda koʻp bogʻ, saroy, ibodatxona va memorial ansambllar bor. Pekin — Xitoyning muhim fan va madaniyat markazi. Pekin universiteti va boshqa universitetlar, pedagog, tibbiyot, qishloq xoʻjaligi institutlari, konservatoriya, Xitoy Fanlar akademiyasi va botanika bogʻi, rasadxona bor. Pekin universiteti THE reytingida dunyoda Osiyoda birinchi, dunyoda 16-oʻrinda qayd etilgan. Pekinda mamlakatdagi eng yirik kutubxonalar, muzeylar, teatrlar, ilmiy tadqiqot institutlari joylashgan.[1]

Pekin bir qator xalqaro sport musobaqalariga mezbonlik qilgan. Birinchi yirik koʻpkurashli musobaqa 1990-yilgi Osiyo oʻyinlari hisoblanadi. Pekin 2008-yilda 29-yozgi Olimpiya oʻyinlari, 2022-yilda esa 24-qishki Olimpiya oʻyinlari oʻtkazilgan. Pekin ham qishki, ham yozgi olimpiya oʻyinlariga mezbonlik qilgan dunyodagi ilk shahar hisoblanadi.


Havolalar

Manbalar

  1. OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil



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