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Surma

Surma(Sb)
Atom raqami 51
Koʻrinishi Oq-kumush rangli
qattiq, moʻrt nimmetall
Atom xossasi
Atom massasi
(molyar massasi)
121.760 m. a. b. (g/mol)
Atom radiusi 159 pm
Ionlashish energiyasi
(birinchi elektron)
833.3(8.64) kJ/mol (eV)
Elektron konfiguratsiyasi [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3
Kimyoviy xossalari
Kovalentlik radiusi 140 pm
Ion radiusi (+6e)62 (-3e)245 pm
Elektrmanfiylik
(poling boʻyicha)
2.05
Elektrod potensiali 0
Oksidlanish darajasi 5, 3, −2
Termodinamik xossalari
Zichlik 6.691 g/sm³
Solishtirma issiqlik sigʻimi 0.205 J/(K·mol)
Issiqlik oʻtkazuvchanlik 24.43 Vt/(m·K)
Erish harorati 903.9 K
Erish issiqligi 20.08 kJ/mol
Qaynash harorati 1908 K
Qaynash issiqligi 195.2 kJ/mol
Molyar hajm 18.4 sm³/mol
Kristall panjarasi
Panjara tuzilishi trigonal
Panjara davri 4.510 Å
Panjara/atom nisbati n/a
Debye harorati 200.00 K
51
Surma
Sb
121,760
4d105s25p3

Surma (turkcha vggpe, lot. Stibium), Sb – Mendeleyev davriy sistemasining V guruhiga mansub kimyoviy element. Tartib rakami 51, atom massasi 121,25. Tabiiy Surma 2 ta barkaror izotopdan iborat. 121Sb (57,25%) va 124Sb(42,75%). Surmaning sunʼiy izotoplaridan muhimlari 122Sb, l23Sb va 125Sb[1].

Surma juda qadimdan maʼlum. Sharq mamlakatlarida miloddan 3000-yil avval Surmadan turli idishlar yasashgan. Qad. Misrda mil. av. 19-asrda surma yaltirogʻi (tabiiy) mesten yoki stem nomi bilan qoshni boʻyashda qoʻllangan. Surma Yer poʻstining massa jihatidan 410~5% ini tashkil qiladi. Surma kristall va amorf shakllarda boʻladi. Kristall holdagi Surma oddiy sharoitda barqaror boʻlib, kumush kabi oq, yaltiroq, moʻrt metall. Suyuqlanish temperaturasi 630,5°, qaynash temperaturasi 1640Q5°, zichligi 6,69 g/sm³. Birikmalarda Q5, Q3 va —3 valentli. Surma havoda qizdirilsa, amfoter Surma(III)oksid Sb2O3 ga aylanadi. Surmaning kislotali xossalarini namoyon qiladigan oksidi – Sb2O5 (antimonat angidrid) ham maʼlum[2].

Surma texnikada qotishma va birikmalar (200 dan ortiq qotishma tarkibiga qoʻshiladi) holida koʻp ishlatiladi, chunki Surma qoʻshilgan metallning qattiqligi ortadi, qiyin oksidlanadi. Sb qotishmalaridan muhimlari – qattiq qoʻrgʻoshin „gartbley“, bosmaxona qotishmalari, babbitlar. Surmaning alyuminiy, galliy, indiy bilan hosil qilgan qotishmalari yarimoʻtkazgichlar ishlab chiqarish.da qoʻllanadi. Oʻsimliklarda (100 g quruq modda hisobida) 0,06 mg, dengiz hayvonlarida 0,02 mg, quruqlikda yashaydigan hayvonlarda 0,0006 mg S boʻladi. Surma odam va hayvon organizmiga nafas yoʻllari yoki meʼdaichak orqali kiradi. Surmaning biologik ahamiyati toʻliq oʻrganilgan emas. Tibbiyotda Surma leyshmanioz va baʼzi gelmintoz (mas, shistosomatoz)ni davolashda qoʻllanadi. Surma va uning qotishmalari zaharli. Sb dan kuchli zaharlanganda yuqori nafas yoʻllarining shilliq pardalari, koʻz va teri zararlanadi. Sb dan zaharlanishdan saqlanish uchun Sb ishlab chiqarish jarayonlari mexanizatsiyalashtirilishi, bino yaxshi shamollatilishi lozim.

Surma birikmalari. Surma vodorod bilan rangsiz, badboʻy, oʻta zaharli gaz – Surma gidrid SbH2 (stibin) hosil qiladi. Suyuqlanish temperaturasi – 88,5°, qaynash temperaturasi 17°, zichligi 2,2 g/sm³ (— 17° da, sutok, holatda). Surma qotishmalariga (ruxli yoki magniyli) suyultirilgan kislotalar taʼsir ettirib yoki Sb2O5 ni yuqori bosim ostida atomar vodorod bilan kaytarib olinadi. gacha qizdirilsa oʻzidan oltingugurt chiqarib, Sb2S, ga aylanadi. Rezina sanoatida kauchukni vulkanizatsiya qilishda ishlatiladi.

Adabiyotlar

  • Parpiyev Surma Surma, Muftaxov Surma Surma, Rahimov SurmaSurma, Anorganik kimyo, Surma, 2003; Axmerov Surma, Jalilov Surma, Sayfutdinov Surma, Umumiy va anorganik kimyo, Surma, 2003.

Manbalar

  1. John R, Atomic Weights: Antimony
  2. Ashcheulov, A. A.; Manyk, O. N.; Manyk, T. O.; Marenkin, S. F.; Bilynskiy-Slotylo, V. R. Aspects of the Chemical Bonding in Antimony, Inorganic Materials

Surma – unsurlar davriy jadvalining 51 unsuri, nimmetall.




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