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Người Illyria

Người Illyria (tiếng Hy Lạp cổ: Ἰλλυριοί, Illyrioi; tiếng Latinh: Illyrii hay Illyri) là một nhóm các bộ tộc Ấn-Âu vào thời Cổ đại, từng sinh sống tại Tây Balkan và duyên hải đông nam bán đảo Ý (Messapia).[1] Khu vực mà người Illyria sinh sống được các học giả Hy LạpLa Mã gọi là Illyria, tương ứng với lãnh thổ của Croatia, Bosnia và Herzegovina, Slovenia, Montenegro, một phần Serbia và đa phần Albania ngày nay, tại vùng giữa biển Adriatic về phía tây, sông Drava về phía bắc, sông Morava về phía đông và cửa sông Aoos về phía nam.[2] Tư liệu đầu tiên nhắc đến người Illyria là trong Períplous tou Psevdoskýlaka, một văn bản Hy Lạp cổ đại viết vào thế kỷ 4 TCN.[3]

Những bộ tộc này, hay ít nhất một số bộ tộc cho thể xem là "người Illyria thực sự", với ngôn ngữ mà những gì còn sót lại chỉ đủ để cho biết rằng đây là ngôn ngữ Ấn-Âu;[4] có lẽ đã biến mất vào thế kỷ 2 CN.[5]

Cái tên "Illyrioi", được người Hy Lạp cổ đại đặt cho những hàng xóm phía bắc của họ, có thể được dùng để chỉ một loạt các dân tộc riêng biệt, mà ngày nay vẫn không chắc rằng họ có chia sẻ nền văn hóa và ngôn ngữ chung không. Các bộ lạc Illyria không bao giờ gọi mình là 'Illyria'.[6]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Frazee 1997, tr. 89: "The Balkan peninsula had three groups of Indo-Europeans prior to 2000 BC. Those on the west were the Illyrians; those on the east were the Thracians; and advancing down the southern part of the Balkans, the Greeks."
  2. ^ Wilkes 1995, tr. 6, 92; Boardman & Hammond 1982, tr. 261
  3. ^ Wilkes 1995, tr. 94.
  4. ^ Eastern Michigan University Linguist List: The Illyrian Language Lưu trữ 2012-02-18 tại Wayback Machine: "An ancient language of the Balkans. Based upon geographical proximity, this is traditionally seen as the ancestor of Modern Albanian. It is more likely, however, that Thracian is Modern Albanian's ancestor, since both Albanian and Thracian belong to the satem group of Indo-European, while Illyrian belonged to the centum group. 2nd half of 1st Millennium BC - 1st half of 1st Millennium AD."
  5. ^ Fol 2002, p. 225: "Romanisation was total and complete by the end of the 4th century A.D. In the case of the Illyrian elements a Romance intermediary is inevitable as long as Illyrian was probably extinct in the 2nd century A.D."
  6. ^ Roisman & Worthington 2010, tr. 280: "The Illyrians certainly never collectively called themselves Illyrians, and it is unlikely that they had any collective name for themselves."

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