在生前，穆罕默德又在蓋迪爾胡木的演說提到阿里也是受真主所託的領導人，一些聖訓也提到此事，例如聖伴巴拉（阿拉伯语：البراء بن عازب）述說先知在當時高舉阿里的手，並向穆斯林稱「那些跟隨我、信服我的人們也要跟隨和信服阿里」。另一位聖伴扎伊德·伊本·艾爾蓋姆（阿拉伯语：زيد بن أرقم）則敘述先知在那時把《古蘭經》和他的家眷交託給他們，並叮囑他們要認真看待。艾爾蓋姆的說法通過多方的轉述，什葉派和遜尼派皆認可它的真確性，後來的什葉派倚之為重要的依據立論支持阿里繼承穆罕默德的地位[28]。
據說侯賽因早已預知了自己的死亡，但仍慷慨就義[47]。對什葉派而言，侯賽因的犧牲之於伊斯蘭教相當於耶穌之於基督教，突顯出他的獻身精神，代表了什葉派的理想和圖騰，伊瑪目的自我犧牲和面對暴政挺身而出追求正義成為了什葉派的信仰[48]。伊斯蘭教史學家海因茨·赫爾姆（英语：Heinz Halm）認為卡爾巴拉的慘劇是一次「大爆炸」，構建了什葉派的宇宙，他們對事件的看法成為了綱領[49]。學者賽義德·侯賽因·穆罕默德·賈法里（Sayyid Husayn Muhammad Ja'fari）亦提到此事的重大影響，稱「庫費的阿里支持者誠心請求侯賽因到來帶領他們，但他們卻無法在關鍵時刻與他站在一起，隨後意識到自己的無能和軟弱造成了慘劇。大感懊悔的他們自稱為『懺悔者』，務求要為侯賽因復仇，以死明志」[50]。
雖然早期的什葉派神學家曾經相信人類的行為冥冥中受到真主的主宰，如希沙姆·伊本·哈卡姆（阿拉伯语：هشام بن الحكم الكوفي），但這個觀點逐漸不再受到歡迎，因為如果真主已經預定由先知穆罕默德的後裔領導穆斯林，那麼伊瑪目理應當權[120]。什葉派拒信遜尼派的宿命論，並提出如果相信宿命論，那就不能同時相信末日審判，因為如果真主決定了人類的所作所為，那麼祂要為自己預定的那些罪惡、敗壞、僭越、多神崇拜、拒信和不義而施加懲罰是毫無道理和不公道[121]。他們論證人類必須有某程度上的自由意志，要為自己的行為而負責[122]。
與穆爾太齊賴派一樣，穆菲德認為動作的本身僅僅表明具備這樣的能力，實際行使這些能力是人類的意志所驅動，但他並沒有表示其自身的行為是其人所創[123]。另一位什葉派學者伊本·瓦齊爾（阿拉伯语：محمد بن إبراهيم الوزير）認為人類採取的行動並非真主強加，而是出於本意，但因為有真主的意願和力量，人類才可以實現這些行動[124]。另一位中世紀著名什葉派學者納西爾·庫斯勞（阿拉伯语：ناصر خسرو）解釋，人類介乎野獸與天使之間，野獸只有獸性而無理性思考的能力，而天使只有理性而無行惡之力，因而他們都不會因為他們的行為得到賞罰，但人類既能被邪念所誘，亦具理智抑制這些念頭[125]。
極端派是指一些神化阿里的什葉派教派，據指是伊瑪目賈法爾·薩迪克一些最親近的門徒根據他私下指導的學說後創立，薩迪克譴責公開傳播這些學說的人[235]。什葉派認為中世紀的波斯煉金術士賈比爾是該派的穆斯林，他對賈法爾·薩迪克及自身的神化被認為是早期的極端派信眾[236]。《書中之母（阿拉伯语：أم الكتاب (كتاب شيعي)）》是最早記載極端派思想的文本，敘述了把穆罕默德、阿里、法蒂瑪、哈桑及侯賽因神化的學說[237][238]。正如研究伊斯蘭教學者的海因茨·哈爾姆（德语：Heinz Halm）所言，極端派的神話隨著什葉派教義的發展一直「如形隨影」[237]。
伊朗是現時唯一一個以什葉派伊斯蘭教為國教的國家[250]。伊朗伊斯蘭共和國憲法第12條列明「伊朗的官方宗教是伊斯蘭教及十二伊瑪目派賈法里學派思想，此條應保留永恆不變」[251]。促成黎巴嫩立國的國家契約（阿拉伯语：الميثاق الوطني (لبنان)）承認什葉派，訂明黎巴嫩議會議長一職由什葉派穆斯林擔任。在沙地阿拉伯，即使什葉派受到不同方式的歧視和限制，但他們獲准保留他們的家事法庭，什葉派穆斯林的家事可根據賈法里派的法律處理[252]。
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Agarwal, Sanjay, Daan and Other Giving Traditions in India: The Forgotten Pot of Gold, AccountAid India, 2010, ISBN 8191085402（英语）
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Raymond, André, Cairo, Harvard University Press, 2000, ISBN 0674003160（英语）
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Nawbakhtī, al-Ḥasan ibn Mūsá, Shi'a Sects (Kitab Firaq Al-Shi'a), ICAS Press, 2007, ISBN 1904063268（英语）
Klein, Aaron, The Late Great State of Israel: How Enemies Within and Without Threaten the Jewish Nation's Survival, WND Books, 2009, ISBN 1935071084（英语）
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Aghaie, Kamran Scot, The Martyrs Of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran, University of Washington Press, 2004, ISBN 0295984554（英语）
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Війська радіоелектронної боротьби ЗСУНа службі 1992 — по т.ч.Країна УкраїнаНалежність Збройні силиТип Війська РЕБЗнаки розрізненняЕмблема військрадіоелектронної боротьби (2007—2016) Медіафайли на Вікісховищі Війська́ радіоелектро́нної боротьби́, Війська РЕБ ...
Memancing anjing karya Azim Azimzade, 1938 Adu anjing adalah sebuah jenis olahraga berdarah umumnya didefinisikan sebagai pertandingan antar dua anjing atau lebih yang bertarung satu sama lain dalam sebuah ring atau lubang untuk tujuan hiburan dari para penonton.[1] A Dog Fight at Kit Burn’s karya Edward Winslow Martin (James D. McCabe). AS, 1868. Di wilayah pedesaan, adu anjing sering dilakukan di peternakan atau lubang luar ruangan. Di wilayah perkotaan, adu anjing dilakukan di ga...
Windsor Castle Luchtfoto van het kasteel Coördinaten 51° 29′ NB, 0° 36′ WL Kaart Plattegrond van het kasteel A: The Round Tower B: The Upper Ward, The Quadrangle C: The State Apartments D: Private Apartments E: South Wing F: Lower Ward G: St. George's Chapel H: Horseshoe Cloister K: King Henry VIII Gate (Hoofdingang) L: The Long Walk M: Norman Gate N: North Terrace O: Edward IV Tower T: The Curfew Tower Windsor Castle, Norman gate (M) Windsor Castle, Round Tower (A) The Quadran...
مُحافظة دير الزور - محافظة سورية - خريطة محافظة دير الزور تقسيم إداري البلد سوريا[1][2] العاصمة دير الزور العاصمة دير الزور اشحيل خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 35°09′N 40°16′E / 35.15°N 40.27°E / 35.15; 40.27 [3] المساحة 33,060 كيلومتر مربع (12,760 ميل2) ك
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang pengikut agama Islam. Untuk wilayah di bawah kekuasaan Islam, lihat Penaklukan Islam. Untuk Penyebaran Islam di Nusantara, lihat Kedatangan dan penyebaran agama islam di nusantara. Bagian dari seriIslam Rukun Iman Keesaan Allah Nabi dan Rasul Allah Kitab-kitab Allah Malaikat Hari Kiamat Qada dan Qadar Rukun Islam Syahadat Salat Zakat Puasa Haji Sumber hukum Islam al-Qur'an Sunnah (Hadis, Sirah) Tafsir Akidah Fikih Syariat Sejarah Garis waktu Muhammad Ahlulba...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (نوفمبر 2019) اضغط هنا للاطلاع على كيفية قراءة التصنيف ضفدع الشبح الفطري حالة الحفظ أنواع غير مهددة أو خطر انقراض ضعيف جدا[1] المرتبة التصنيفية نوع التصنيف...
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American politician (1926–2012) Mervyn DymallyMember of the California State Assemblyfrom the 52nd districtIn officeDecember 7, 2002 – December 1, 2008Preceded byCarl WashingtonSucceeded byIsadore Hall IIIMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom California's 31st districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1981 – January 3, 1993Preceded byCharles H. WilsonSucceeded byWalter R. Tucker III (redistricted)41st Lieutenant Governor of CaliforniaIn officeJanuary 6, 1975...
آل عمران معلومات شخصية مكان الميلاد القدس مكان الوفاة القدس الأولاد مريم بنت عمران[1][2] الحياة العملية المهنة زعيم روحي تعديل مصدري - تعديل هذه المقالة عن أسرة آل عمران. لسورة آل عمران، طالع سورة آل عمران. آل عِمْران أسرة ذكرت في القرآن ثلاث مرات، ال�...
Australian actor Hutton in the 1960s Ric Hutton (1926–1996) was an Australian actor. He worked in Britain, Australia and the United States of America. He was best known in Australia as the voice of Black Jack Seager in the hit radio series The Castlereagh Line written by Ross Napier. He was a radio personality as well.[1] Select credits The Life and Death of King Richard II (1960)[2] The Grey Nurse Said Nothing (1960)[3] Stormy Petrel (1960) In Writing (1961) The You...
American politician This article is about the Pennsylvania congressman. For other people by the same name, see John Robbins (disambiguation). John RobbinsMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Pennsylvania's 4th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1849 – March 3, 1853Preceded byCharles J. IngersollSucceeded byWilliam H. WitteMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Pennsylvania's 3rd districtIn officeMarch 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855Preceded byH...
Ne doit pas être confondu avec 14e régiment de commandement et de soutien. 14e régiment d’infanterie et de soutien logistique parachutiste Insigne régimentaire du 14e RISLP. Création 1584 Pays France Branche Armée de terre Type Régiment du train parachutiste Rôle Soutien Fait partie de Commandement de la logistique Garnison Toulouse Ancienne dénomination 14e régiment d'infanterie14e régiment d'infanterie parachutistes de choc14e régiment de chasseurs parachutistes14e régim...
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