Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

俄羅斯寡頭

俄羅斯寡頭（左上起至下）： 罗曼·阿布拉莫维奇、奥列格·杰里帕斯卡、阿利舍尔·乌斯曼诺夫、弗拉基米尔·波塔宁、米哈伊爾·普羅霍羅夫、根纳季·季姆琴科、瓦吉特·阿列克佩罗夫（英语：Vagit Alekperov）、彼得·阿文、阿尔卡季·罗滕贝格。

俄羅斯寡頭是前蘇聯加盟共和國的商業寡頭，他們在1990年代蘇聯解體後的俄羅斯私有化時代迅速積累了財富。失敗的蘇聯對國有資產的所有權提出了質疑，這使得與前蘇聯官員（主要在俄羅斯和烏克蘭）進行非正式交易（英语：Blat (favors)）成為獲得國有財產的一種手段。歷史學家愛德華·基南（英语：Edward L. Keenan）將當前俄羅斯寡頭比喻為現代的波雅尔（中世紀莫斯科大公国時的強大貴族階級）。[1]

第一批現代俄羅斯寡頭在米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫（1985年至1991年任蘇共總書記）的市場自由化時期成為商業部門的企業家。[2]這些年輕一代的企業家之所以能夠建立起他們最初的財富，是因為戈尔巴乔夫的改革影響了一個時期，這個時期「受監管的價格和準市場（英语：Quasi-market）價格並存，為套利創造了巨大機會」。[3]

自2017年以來，一些俄羅斯寡頭及其公司因支持「俄羅斯政府在全球的惡意活動」被美國依據《美國敵對國家制裁法案》（CAATSA）予以制裁。[4][5]

2022年俄羅斯軍事侵略烏克蘭

2022年俄罗斯对乌克兰发动侵略战争后，国际社会对众多俄罗斯寡头实施了史上最严厉的经济制裁[6]。有被制裁的寡頭關閉了其豪華遊艇的自動識別系統並駛往不會制裁他們資產的港口[7]。與此同時，陸續有寡頭及其家屬於俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭前一個月或入侵期間遇害，部分被俄羅斯調查人員判斷為自殺[8]。

參考資料

  1. ^ Weiss, Andrew S. Opinion | Russia's Oligarchy, Alive and Well. 紐約時報. 2013-12-30 [2022-03-02]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于2022-02-28） （美国英语）. 
  2. ^ Scheidel, Walter. The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton University Press. 2017-01-09 [2022-05-30]. ISBN 978-1-4008-8460-5. （原始内容存档于2022-04-17） （英语）. 
  3. ^ Guriev, Rachinsky, Sergei, Andrei. The Role of Oligarchs in Russian Capitalism. Journal of Economic Perspectives. Winter 2005, 19: 139. doi:10.1257/0895330053147994 可免费查阅. 
  4. ^ Treasury Designates Russian Oligarchs, Officials, and Entities in Response to Worldwide Malign Activity. 美國財政部. 2018-04-06 [2019-11-28]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-25）. 
  5. ^ Kolesnikov, Andrei. Russian Oligarchs in the Era of Sanctions. Carnegie Moscow Center. 2018-08-06 [2019-11-28]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-28） （英语）. 
  6. ^ Lozano, Alicia. Here are the Russian oligarchs targeted in Biden's sanctions. 全國廣播公司商業頻道. 2022-02-26 [2022-03-02]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-02） （英语）. 
  7. ^ K Oanh Ha; Kevin Varley, Sanctioned Oligarch’s Yacht Heads Home to Russia as Others Go Into Hiding, 彭博新聞社, 2022-03-24 [2022-03-25], （原始内容存档于2022-05-10） （英语） 
  8. ^ Every Russian Oligarch Who Has Died Since Putin Invaded Ukraine—Full List, 新聞週刊, 2022-04-22 [2022-04-23], （原始内容存档于2022-05-26） （英语） 

Read other articles:

St. Gallen

This article is about the city. For the saint, see Saint Gall. For other uses, see Sankt Gallen. Municipality in SwitzerlandSt. GallenMunicipalityA view of St. Gallen FlagCoat of armsLocation of St. Gallen St. GallenShow map of SwitzerlandSt. GallenShow map of Canton of St. GallenCoordinates: 47°25′27″N 9°22′15″E / 47.42417°N 9.37083°E / 47.42417; 9.37083CountrySwitzerlandCantonSt. GallenDistrictSt. GallenGovernment • ExecutiveStadtrat with...

 

Björn Wiechel

Swedish politician Björn WiechelWiechel in 2022Member of the RiksdagIncumbentAssumed office 29 September 2014ConstituencyVästerbotten County Personal detailsBornBjörn Göran Sebastian Wiechel1983 (age 39–40)Political partySocial Democratic PartyAlma materUmeå University Björn Göran Sebastian Wiechel (born 1983) is a Swedish politician and member of the Riksdag, the national legislature. A member of the Social Democratic Party, he has represented Västerbotten County since...

 

JKT48 Janken Competition 2016

JKT48 Janken Competition 2016Tanggal23 Juli 2016 (babak penyisihan)7 Agustus 2016 (pengundian)19 Agustus 2016 (babak final)21 Agustus 2016 (penentuan posisi 3 - 16)LokasiTeater JKT48 (babak penyisihan, pengundian, dan penentuan posisi 3 - 16)Balai Sarbini, Jakarta (babak final)Nama lainPenentuan Member Single ke-14 JKT48Peserta/Pihak terlibat53 anggota JKT48HasilAnggota senbatsu untuk singel ke-14 JKT48 LOVE TRIPSinka (Tim KIII) sebagai pemenang JKT48 Janken Competition tahun ini - JKT48 Jank...

Emilio Gutiérrez Gamero

Emilio Gutiérrez-Gamero, retratado por Kaulak. Emilio Gutiérrez-Gamero y Romate (Madrid, 1844-ibíd., 1936) fue un periodista, político y escritor español. Biografía Siendo diputado a Cortes, al abdicar Amadeo I, votó la República, y vivió exiliado en París después de la Restauración. Fue elegido académico de la Real Academia Española (1919) y al año siguiente publicó su discurso de ingreso, titulado La novela social.[1]​ Entre otras, escribió las novelas El conde Perico...

 

Aeromodelling pada Pekan Olahraga Nasional XIX – Terbang bebas F1A-F1H dwi lomba perorangan putri

Aeromodelling padaPekan Olahraga Nasional XIX OHLG putra putri F1A putra F1H putra F1A-F1H putri F2A-F2C terbuka F2D terbuka F3J terbuka F3R terbuka Aeromodelling nomor pertandingan glider tarik A1 (F1H) dan glider tarik A2 (F1A) perorangan putri belangsung pada tanggal 19 sampai 20 september 2016 di Pangkalan Udara Sulaiman, Kabupaten Bandung, Jawa Barat.[1] Jadwal Seluruh waktu menggunakan Waktu Indonesia Barat (UTC+07:00) Tanggal Waktu Babak 19 September 201620 September 2016 ?? F1...

 

Hautacam

HautacamGeografiaPaís  FrançaLocalização BeaucensCoordenadas 42° 58′ 20″ N, 0° 00′ 29″ OGeologiaCordilheira PireneusTipo estância de esquieditar - editar código-fonte - editar Wikidata Pista de Cross-country no Hautacam. O Hautacam é uma montanha situada na cadeia montanhosa dos Pirenéus. Está situado no departamento de Hautes-Pyrénées, na região de Midi-Pyrénées na França. O Hautacam dispõe de uma estação de esqui a 1560 metros. Este cume é conhecida por ser...

Chính sách thị thực của Rwanda

Thị thực du lịch Rwanda được cấp tại đại sứ quán tại Tanzania năm 2014 Cộng hòa Rwanda, một thành viên của Cộng đồng Đông Phi, cho phép công dân của tất cả các quốc gia châu Pho xin thị thực tại cửa khẩu. Công dân của hầu hết các quốc gia khác phải xin thị thực điện tử trực tuyến trước khi khởi hành.[1] Tất cả hành khách phải sở hữu hộ chiếu có hiệu lực ít nhất sáu t...

 

Bordetella tumulicola

  Bordetella tumulicola TaxonomíaDominio: BacteriaFilo: PseudomonadotaClase: BetaproteobacteriaOrden: BurkholderialesFamilia: AlcaligenaceaeGénero: BordetellaEspecie: Bordetella tumulicola[editar datos en Wikidata] Bordetella tumulicola es una bacteria gramnegativa del género Bordetella. Fue descrita en el año 2015. Su etimología hace referencia a túmulo.[1]​ Es aerobia e inmóvil. Tiene un tamaño de 0,7-0,8 μm de ancho por 1-1,2 μm de largo. Catalasa y oxidasa p...

 

Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia atau Tujuhbelasan. Hari Kemerdekaan Republik IndonesiaUpacara pengibaran bendera merah putih di Istana Merdeka, JakartaNama resmiHari Kemerdekaan Bangsa IndonesiaNama lainAgustusan, tujuhbelasanDirayakan olehWarga IndonesiaJenisNasionalMaknaMemperingati kemerdekaan IndonesiaTanggal17 AgustusFrekuensiTiap tahun Lukisan di Jakarta untuk memperingati hari kemerdekaan ke-40 Indonesia pada tahun 1985 Hari Kemerdekaan Bangsa Indonesia adal...

Lord Hawke's XI cricket team in Ceylon and India in 1892–93

International cricket tour (1892–93) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The touring team An English cricket team led by Lord Hawke toured Ceylon and India in the Indian season of 1892–93. It was the second visit by an English team to India, after G. F. Vernon's XI in 1889–90, a...

 

قرار مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة رقم 2041

هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (أغسطس 2021) قرار مجلس الأمن 2041 مسجد الجمعة في قندهارمسجد الجمعة في قندهار التاريخ 22 مارس 2012...

 

Lynn Fontanne

Lynn FontanneFoto oleh Carl Van Vechten, 1932LahirLillie Louise Fontanne(1887-12-06)6 Desember 1887Woodford, Essex, UKMeninggal30 Juli 1983(1983-07-30) (umur 95)Genesee Depot, Wisconsin, ASPekerjaanAktrisTahun aktif1905–1967Suami/istriAlfred Lunt ​ ​(m. 1922; meninggal 1977)​ Lynn Fontanne (/fɒnˈtæn/;[1] 6 Desember 1887 – 30 Juli 1983) adalah seorang aktris asal Inggris. Setelah kesuksesan awal dalam peran ...

Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura

Spanish architecture firm Ricardo Bofill Taller de ArquitecturaPartial view of La FábricaFounded1963FounderRicardo BofillHeadquartersLa Fábrica, Sant Just Desvern, SpainKey peopleRicardo Emilio Bofill, Pablo BofillWebsitewww.ricardobofill.com Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura (RBTA) is an architecture firm that was founded in 1963 by Ricardo Bofill, initially as Taller de Arquitectura (lit. 'Architecture Workshop').[1][2] It is headquartered in Sant Just Desver...

 

Lolita Rodrigues

Brazilian actress, singer and presenter (1929–2023) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider addin...

 

Shashwat Goenka

This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (September 2023) Shashwat GoenkaBornKolkata, West Bengal, IndiaOccupationBusiness executiveYears active2013–presentKnown forDirector of RPSG Group Shashwat Goenka is an Indian business executive and the youngest scion of the Kolkata-based RPSG Group. He serves as the Director of the Group and is responsible for leading the c...

James Bush (actor)

American actor (1907–1987) James BushBush in Beyond Tomorrow (1940)Born(1907-10-04)October 4, 1907Greenfield, Ohio, U.S.DiedApril 9, 1987(1987-04-09) (aged 79)Van Nuys, California, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1930–1953 James Bush (October 4, 1907 – April 9, 1987) was an American actor from the 1930s until the early 1950s. He appeared in more than 100 television shows and films, more than 80 of them being feature films. Early years The son of an actress,[1] B...

 

Destiny of the Daleks

1979 Doctor Who serial104 – Destiny of the DaleksDoctor Who serialCastDoctor Tom Baker – Fourth Doctor Companion Lalla Ward – Romana Others David Gooderson – Davros Mike Mungarvan, Cy Town – Daleks Roy Skelton – Dalek Voices Peter Straker – Commander Sharrel Suzanne Danielle – Agella Tony Osoba – Lan Tim Barlow – Tyssan Penny Casdagli – Jall David Yip – Veldan Cassandra – Movellan Guard ProductionDirected byKen GrieveWritten byTerry NationScript editorDouglas...

 

Charleroi Red Roosters

Ice hockey team in Charleroi, BelgiumCharleroi Red RoostersCityCharleroi, BelgiumLeagueBelgian Hockey LeagueWebsiteredroosters.be The Charleroi Red Roosters are an ice hockey team in Charleroi, Belgium. They are currently playing in the Belgian Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Belgium.[1] Belgian Hockey League Results Season GP W OTW OTL L GF GA Pts Finish Playoffs 2012-13 18 3 0 0 15 66 239 9 10th place Did not qualify References ^ Team profile Archived May 10, 2012, at ...

Auriga (constellation)

Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere AurigaConstellationList of stars in AurigaAbbreviationAur[1]GenitiveAurigaePronunciation /ɔːˈraɪɡə/ Auríga genitive /ɔːˈraɪdʒiː/[2] Symbolismthe CharioteerRight ascension04h 37m 54.4293s–07h 30m 56.1899s[3]Declination56.1648331°–27.8913116°[3]Area657[4] sq. deg. (21st)Main stars5, 8Bayer/Flamsteedstars65Stars with planets7Stars brighter than 3.00m4Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ...

 

Fraser's Hill

Hill station in Pahang, Malaysia Hill station in Pahang Darul Makmur, MalaysiaFraser's HillHill stationOther transcription(s) • MalayBukit Fraser (Rumi)بوكيت فراسر (Jawi) • Chinese福隆港 (Simplified)福隆港 (Traditional)Fúlónggǎng (Hanyu Pinyin) • Tamilபிரேசர் மலைPirēcar Malai (Transliteration)Fraser's Hill clock tower SealEtymology: Founder's name, Louis James FraserNickname: Little England of Malaysia[1...

 
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya