Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

博雷尔函数演算

数学的一个分支——泛函分析中, 博雷尔函数演算是一种函数演算 [1] [2]。例如,将平方函数 作用到算子 上会得到算子 。而适用于更大范围的函数的函数演算使得我们可以(作为一个例子)严格地定义(负的)拉普拉斯算子 −Δ 的“平方根”或指数

这里的「范围」是指允许的函数类型。博雷尔函数演算比连续函数演算更通用,其侧重点也不同于全纯函数演算

更准确地说,博雷尔函数演算允许将任意博雷尔函数作用于一个自伴算子,同时对于多项式函数有与多项式函数演算一样的行为。

动机

是有限维内积空间 上的自伴算子,则 具有由 本征向量组成的正交基 ,即

因此,对于任意正整数

如果只考虑 的多项式,则得到全纯函数演算。实际上还可以得到 的更一般的函数。给定一个博雷尔函数 ,可以通过确定算子在基上的行为来定义一个算子

一般来说,任何自伴算子 酉等价英语Self-adjoint_operator#Statement_of_the_spectral_theorem于一个乘法算子(这是谱定理的一种表述)。也就是说,对于许多目的而言, 可以被视为一个作用于某个测度空间的平方可积函数上的运算符:

这时有

对于许多技术目的来说,这种表述已经足够好了。然而,有时也会希望能有对函数演算的一种表述,其不依赖于作为乘法运算符的 的特定表示。这就是下一节要做的事情。

有界函数演算

现在正式地定义希尔伯特空间 上的自伴算子 的有界博雷尔函数演算 πT 。设 是在实轴上的有界复值博雷尔函数所构成的空间, πT 是其上的一个映射 满足

  • 看作一个环, πT 是其上的同态,且保对合、保单位元。
  • 设有 ,博雷尔集 ,那么构成一个测度。其中 指示函数。该测度称为是 谱测度
  • 对于复数上的恒等映射 ,有

定理 — 任意自伴算子都有一个唯一的博雷尔函数演算。

这定义了有界函数的函数演算,而这也或可适用于无界自伴算子。使用有界函数演算,可以证明单参数酉群的斯通定理的一部分:

定理 — 若算子 是自伴的,那么 是一个以生成元 (幺正算子群)的单参数强连续酉群。

作为一个应用,我们考虑薛定谔方程,或者说量子力学系统的动力学。在非相对论量子力学中,哈密顿算子 描述了量子力学系统的总能量 生成的酉群对应于系统的时间演化。

我们还可以使用博雷尔函数演算来抽象地解决一些线性初值问题,例如热方程或麦克斯韦方程组。

函数演算的存在性

具有上述函数演算性质的映射的存在性需要证明。对于有界自伴算子 ,博雷尔函数演算的存在性可以用初等的方式叙述如下:

首先利用魏尔施特拉斯逼近定理来从多项式过渡到连续函数演算。这里的关键事实是,对于有界自伴算子 和多项式 ,有


因此,映射 构成多项式环上的保距映射稠定的同态。借助连续性可以进一步推广,对 谱上的连续函数 定义 。然后,里斯-马尔可夫-角谷表示定理允许我们从连续函数的积分过渡到谱测度,于是就得到了博雷尔函数演算。

或者,在交换巴拿赫代数的背景下,连续函数演算可以通过盖尔范德变换获得。然后同上面的一样利用里斯-马尔可夫-角谷定理来推广到可测函数。在这一表述中, 只需是正规算子

给定一个算子 ,连续函数演算 的值域是 生成的(阿贝尔)C*-代数 。博雷尔函数演算的值域则更大,即 弱算子拓扑下的闭包——一个(同样是阿贝尔的)冯诺依曼代数

一般函数演算

我们还可以为未必有界的博雷尔函数 定义函数演算,所得结果是一个算子,而这个算子也可能不是有界的。用自伴算子谱定理所提供的乘法算子那套表述的话,它就是 的乘法算子。

定理 —  上的一个自伴算子, 上的一个实值博雷尔函数。存在一个唯一的算子 满足


更一般地,对于(有界)正规算子也存在博雷尔函数演算。

单位分解

设有自伴算子 的 博雷尔子集,而 指示函数,则 上的正交投影。那么映射是一个投影值测度,其被称为 的单位分解(resolution of the identity)。 上的测度相对于 上的恒等算子。换句话说,恒等算子可以表示为谱积分 。有时,术语「单位分解」也用于上式这样的将恒等算子描述为谱积分的过程。

在离散测度的情况下(特别是当 维度有限时), 可以用狄拉克记号写成 的归一化本征向量。集合 构成 的一组标准正交基。

物理文献通常是启发式地把上面的式子延伸到谱测度不再离散的情况,将单位分解写成并讨论所谓「连续基」或「基态矢的连续统」 。 从数学上讲,除非给出严格的论证,否则这种表达式纯粹是一种形式记号。

参考资料

  1. ^ Kadison, Richard V.; Ringrose, John R. Fundamentals of the Theory of Operator Algebras: Vol 1. Amer Mathematical Society. 1997. ISBN 0-8218-0819-2. 
  2. ^ Reed, Michael; Simon, Barry. Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics. Academic Press. 1981. ISBN 0-12-585050-6. 

Read other articles:

Radio station in Lexington, Kentucky WBUL-FMLexington, KentuckyBroadcast areaLexington Metro areaCentral KentuckyFrequency98.1 MHz (HD Radio)Branding98.1 The BullProgrammingFormatCountrySubchannelsHD2: 98.5 Icons (Classic country)AffiliationsPremiere NetworksOwnershipOwneriHeartMedia, Inc.(iHM Licenses, LLC)Sister stationsWKQQ, WLAP, WLKT, WMXL, WWTFHistoryFirst air dateJuly 15, 1969 (1969-07-15)Former call signsWLEX-FM (1968–1972)WLEX (1972–1974)WKQQ (1974–1998)Call sign...

 

Live music venue in Sheffield, England 53°22′37″N 1°28′37″W / 53.3770°N 1.4769°W / 53.3770; -1.4769 CorporationCorpCorporation in 2017LocationSheffieldTypenightclubGenre(s)alternativeOpened1997Websitewww.corporation.org.uk Corporation, often referred to as Corp by locals, is an independent live music venue and nightclub located in the city centre of Sheffield, England. In addition to hosting live music from touring bands, Corporation hosts club nights which...

 

The Backpacker ChefPoster promosiHangul백패커 ArtiBackpacker GenreRagamMemasakPemeranBaek Jong-wonOh Dae-hwanAhn Bo-hyunDinDinNegara asalKorea SelatanBahasa asliKoreaJmlh. musim1Jmlh. episode2 (per 2 Juni 2022 (2022-06-02))ProduksiProduser eksekutifPark Hee-yeonProduserLee Woo-hyungShin Chan-yangRilisJaringan aslitvNRilis asli26 Mei 2022 (2022-05-26) –sekarangPranala luarSitus web The Backpacker Chef (Hangul: 백패커; RR: Baekpaekeo; lit. B...

Modernisation refers to a model of a progressive transition from a pre-modern or traditional to a modern society.[1] The theory particularly focuses on the internal factors of a country while assuming that, with assistance, traditional or pre-modern countries can be brought to development in the same manner which more developed countries have. Modernisation theory attempts to identify the social variables that contribute to social progress and development of societies, and seeks to ex...

 

British politician For the Argentine-born English cricketer, see Archibald Williamson (cricketer). Archibald Williamson, 1st Baron Forres PC (13 September 1860 – 29 October 1931), known as Sir Archibald Williamson, 1st Baronet, from 1909 to 1922, was a British businessman and Liberal politician. Early life The eldest son of Stephen Williamson MP, and Annie Guthrie, Williamson was educated at Craigmount School,[1] Edinburgh and at Edinburgh University. Career Moray and Nairn, caricat...

 

American candy company This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Hebert Candies – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Hebert CandiesTypePrivately held companyFounded1917FounderFrederick HebertHeadquartersShrewsbury, Massachus...

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع إفران (توضيح). إفران - جماعة حضرية - مدينة إفران خلال تساقط الثلوج إفران إفران  خريطة الموقع تقسيم إداري البلد  المغرب[1] عاصمة لـ إقليم إفران  الجهة جهة فاس مكناس الإقليم إقليم إفران المسؤولون رئيس الجماعة عبد السلام لحرار (حزب الحركة الشعب

 

Emma Graf um 1910 Emma Graf (* 11. Oktober 1865 in Langenthal; † 22. November 1926 in Bern) war eine Schweizer Frauenrechtlerin. Sie gründete 1914 das Jahrbuch der Schweizerfrauen, eine Publikation, die als gemeinsames Forum der bürgerlichen Frauenbewegung diente. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 Werke 3 Literatur 4 Weblinks 5 Einzelnachweise Leben Emma Graf, die Schwester von Ernst Otto Graf, machte eine Lehre als Weissnäherin und besuchte anschliessend das Lehrerinnenseminar in Hindelbank....

 

Video game live event Summer Game FestStatusActiveGenreVideo gamesInteractive entertainmentCountryUnited StatesInauguratedMay 1, 2020; 3 years ago (2020-05-01)Most recentJune 8, 2023; 5 months ago (2023-06-08)Next eventJune 2024; 6 months' time (2024-06)Organized byGeoff KeighleyWebsitewww.summergamefest.com Summer Game Fest is a live video game event organized and hosted by game journalist Geoff Keighley.[1] The event takes p...

El Garrobo Town Hall (2016) El Garrobo merupakan sebuah kota yang terletak di wilayah Provinsi Sevilla, Andalusia, Spanyol Lihat juga Daftar munisipalitas di Seville Daftar munisipalitas di Spanyol lbsKota di Provinsi Sevilla Aguadulce Alanís Albaida del Aljarafe Alcalá de Guadaíra Alcalá del Río Alcolea del Río Algámitas Almadén de la Plata Almensilla Arahal Aznalcázar Aznalcóllar Badolatosa Benacazón Bollullos de la Mitación Bormujos Brenes Burguillos Camas Cantillana Carmona Ca...

 

SipitangDistrik dan KotaNegara MalaysiaNegara bagian SabahDivisiDalamPopulasi (2010) • Total34.862Situs webwww.sabah.gov.my/pd.sptg Sipitang adalah sebuah kota, distrik dan juga konstituensi parlementer yang terletak di Divisi Dalam, Sabah, timur Malaysia, pulau Borneo. Jumlah penduduk pada distrik tersebut adalah 12,076 pada 1980[1] dan 24,349 pada 1991. Pada 2000, jumlah penduduknya bertambah menjadi 29,256 sementara pada 2010, 34,862.[2][3]...

 

The following is a list in chronological order of monuments to Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769–1852), a leading British political and military figure of the 19th century, particularly noted for his defeat of Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815: List of monuments A monumental column and statue in his birthplace in Trim, County Meath, Ireland (1817)[1] Wellington Monument, London, on Park Lane, London; a colossal bronze statue of Achilles by Richard Westmacott (1...

1958 studio album by Langston Hughes with Charles Mingus and Leonard FeatherWeary BluesStudio album by Langston Hughes with Charles Mingus and Leonard FeatherReleased1958RecordedMarch 17-18, 1958New York CityGenreJazz poetryLabelMGM E 3697 ProducerLeonard FeatherCharles Mingus chronology East Coasting(1957) Weary Blues(1958) A Modern Jazz Symposium of Music and Poetry(1959) CD Reissue Weary Blues (also referred to as The Weary Blues) is an album by the American poet Langston Hughes, w...

 

Heterodox economic theory This article is about biophysical economics. For the study of the dynamics of natural resources using economic models, see Bioeconomics (fisheries). Part of a series onEcological economicsHumanity's economic system viewed as a subsystem of the global environment Concepts Carbon fee and dividend Carrying capacity Ecological market failure Ecological model of competition Ecosystem services Embodied energy Energy accounting Entropy pessimism Index of Sustainable Economi...

 

The location of Madeira in relation to North Africa and Europe Part of a series onJews and Judaism Etymology Who is a Jew? Religion God in Judaism (names) Principles of faith Mitzvot (613) Halakha Shabbat Holidays Prayer Tzedakah Land of Israel Brit Bar and bat mitzvah Marriage Bereavement Philosophy Ethics Kabbalah Customs Rites Synagogue Rabbi Texts Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Talmud Mishnah Gemara Rabbinic Midrash Tosefta Targum Beit Yosef Mishneh Torah Tur Shulchan Ar...

Alternative medicine advocate and COVID misinformation promoter (born 1972) Douglas Sayer JiBorn (1972-10-10) October 10, 1972 (age 51)OccupationAlternative medicine advocateYears activeSince 2008Known forGreenMedInfo, PseudoscienceWebsitewww.greenmedinfo.com This article is part of a series onAlternative medicine General information Alternative medicine History Terminology Alternative veterinary medicine Quackery (health fraud) Rise of modern medicine Pseudoscience Antiscience...

 

Motorola ATRIX 4G (Olympus, MB860) Производитель Motorola Mobility Операционная система Android 2.3.6 Коммуникации GSM 850/900/1800/1900, GPRS, EDGE. WCDMA 850/900/1900/2100 HSDPA (3.5G) 900/1700/2100. Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n Bluetooth 2.1+EDR GPS, microUSB HDMI 1.3a Дата начала продаж 23 февраля 2011 года 17 марта 2011 года 3 апреля 2011 года 4 мая 2011 года Фото/Видеокамера Основ�...

 

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Azuma Bowl – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) Azuma BowlあずまボウルSportFootballConferenceKantoh Collegiate American Football AssociationPlayed1970–2013Current championNihon The Azuma Bowl (あずまボウル) was an a...

Dam in Townshend, Vermont DamTownshend DamTownshend Lake, VermontCountryUnited StatesCoordinates43°3′9.58″N 72°42′9.68″W / 43.0526611°N 72.7026889°W / 43.0526611; -72.7026889Dam and spillwaysHeight (foundation)126 feet (38 m)Length1,700 feet (520 m)ReservoirTotal capacity800 acre-feet (987,000 m3)Surface area95 acres (38 ha) Townshend Dam is a dam in Townshend, Windham County, Vermont. The earthen dam was constructed in 19...

 

Irish singer, actor, radio and television presenter and drummer This article is about the singer and actor. For the bass guitar player, see Keith Duffy (bassist). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Keith Duffy �...

 
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya