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塵肺病

塵肺病
Micrograph of asbestosis (with ferruginous bodies), a type of pneumoconiosis. H&E stain.
类型职业病間質性肺病疾病
分类和外部资源
醫學專科胸腔醫學
ICD-11CA60
ICD-10J60-J65
ICD-9-CM500-505
DiseasesDB31746
MeSHD011009
Orphanet182098
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

塵肺病[1]pneumoconiosis)又称肺尘埃沉着病[2][3],简称尘肺砂肺,是一类间质性肺病的总称,因吸入粉尘(例如灰烬,铅颗粒,花粉粒等)而导致间质纤维化。常見形式是矽肺黑肺病。患者通常長期處於充滿塵埃的場所,因吸入大量灰塵,導致末梢支氣管下的肺泡積存灰塵,一段時間後肺內發生變化,形成纖維化灶

塵肺病的主要症狀為:呼吸短促、發燒疲倦、無食慾、胸痛、乾咳、呼吸衰退,最後有可能致死。塵肺病容易引發其他病變,包括肺癌、支氣管炎、慢性阻塞性肺部病變、肺結核、硬皮病,甚至會造成腎臟病變。

屬於塵肺病中的矽肺,主要是人體吸入結晶的粉塵所造成,結晶矽的主要成分主要有土、花岡岩、以及其他岩石成分。

塵肺病之定義

英文Pneumoconiosis意即「塵肺病」,其中pneumo代表肺臟;konis代表粉塵。早於1700年義大利拉馬齊尼(Ramazzini)就提出吸入粉塵對肺的影響。

依據Robinns等人所編著的病理學教科書及Ladou所編撰之職業與環境醫學教科書,沉積於肺部的礦物性粉塵(通常是在工作環境中吸入),導致肺部的非腫瘤性反應(nonneoplastic lung reaction)之所有症狀,統稱為肺塵症。

1952年時台大醫院院長楊思標亦對塵肺病下了定義:長期吸進有害於人體的某種塵埃所引起的肺纖維病變(fibrotic change)。但目前塵肺病一詞,已較為廣義,包括因化學煙霧或蒸氣(chemical fume or chemical vapor)所導致的肺部疾病。

发病机制

当长期吸入含有游离的二氧化硅粉尘后而又未能及時清除,肺内的巨噬细胞會將之吞噬,但由於巨噬细胞無法分解二氧化硅,因而导致巨噬细胞死亡,释放所吞噬之粉尘,然后恶性循环,造成更多细胞受损。在粉尘周围因受损的巨噬细胞刺激,造成纤维细胞增生,形成纤维性结节,这种结节被叫做矽结节。在矽结节内含有较多的免疫球蛋白,病人血清中常出现γ-球蛋白濃度增高。故矽肺病可看作矽结节的形成与肺组织的弥漫性纤维化。[4]

特徵

患者因吸入的塵埃日漸增多,病情也因而逐漸惡化,出現自覺症狀或是肺機能的障礙。

患上塵肺病的人,因為交換氣體的作用受阻,使得血液中的氧氣不足,二氧化碳過多,這種現象若長期持續,會導致右心室肥大或肺性心心不全等現象。

因右心室肥大、肺性心或心不全等症,患者出現全身性的衰弱現象,抵抗力隨之減弱,如果再併發急性肺炎,病情嚴重會死亡。此症常併發肺結核、慢性支氣管炎、肺氣腫,但併發肺癌並不常見。

罹患傾向

在充滿塵埃或易於引起此症之場所工作的人,患病率自然偏高。過去以礦工最容易罹患,此外營建類工作者也容易罹患,或者工作場所與事務上與噴砂表面處理、岩石壓碎及鑽孔、混凝土、隧道工程、水泥瀝青的製造等相關者也容易罹患。因此是一種職業病

一般而言,四十歲至五十歲以上的人,較易發病,且無男、女之別。但是,部份人的鼻腔或氣管較不易沾染塵埃,或是某些人的內分泌機能可阻止纖維的異常增長時,罹患此症的機會因此降低。[來源請求]

症狀

此症是因吸入的塵埃,堆積於肺內,影響空氣的交換,而逐漸發展的疾病。

疾病未發作前,患者毫無不適現象,但是若在環境不佳的場所,工作十年以上(也有短至幾年),會因疾病的長期發展而顯露病徵。發病後,即使不再置身於工作場所,病患依然繼續惡化。[來源請求]

初期,患者只出現咳嗽、咳等呼吸系統的疾病,若病情繼續惡化,就會發生呼吸困難、全身倦怠、衰弱、貧血等病徵。

檢查時所能發現的症狀

經由各種檢查法,可發現患者的紅血球數量減少、血紅素的含量降低等貧血症狀,另外,血液中的含氧量不足,二氧化碳卻偏多。

患者的肺機能衰退,經X光檢查,可發現肺部的異常現象,這些現象會隨著時間而逐漸惡化,即使經過治療亦無法恢復健康。

併發症

一旦發病後,因病情發展,十分緩慢,所以常引發各種肺疾,在併發症中,最應預防的是肺結核。若屬輕度肺結核,可利用各種抗結核劑治癒之,較為容易。但是,若患了肺塵肺結核,即使服用各種抗結核劑亦無痊癒之日,治療只是暫時延長患者的生命罷了。

另有些突發性的併發症,需做緊急的處置,最具代表性的是急性肺炎和急性心不全。出現這種併發症時,患者需保持絕對的靜養,並接受住院治療。

症狀緩和

可以透過洗肺來緩和部分病人的症狀,洗肺沒辦法治癒病人,但可以延緩病情繼續惡化,身體狀況可以接受洗肺的塵肺病病人,在洗肺後會延長壽命。

世界各地现状

中國大陸

2009年,中国大陆发生开胸验肺事件,而使得尘肺病广为人知。《2013年全国职业病报告情况》显示,全国30个省、自治区、直辖市(不包括西藏)和新疆生产建设兵团2013年共报告职业病26393例,其中尘肺病23152例,煤工尘肺和矽肺分别为13955例和8095例,占职业病报告总例87.72%。[5]

《2014年全国职业病报告》,职业病29972例,其中尘肺病占89.66%[6]

尘肺病在中国大陆的盛行,亦催生了相关作品,如摄影组照《一个尘肺病家庭的爱与绝望》(沈绮颖[7]

香港

香港特区政府设立肺尘埃沉着病补偿基金委员会,研究相关事项。

參考文獻

引用

  1. ^ 尘肺病. 术语在线. 全国科学技术名词审定委员会.  (简体中文)
  2. ^ 肺尘埃沉着病. 术语在线. 全国科学技术名词审定委员会.  (简体中文)
  3. ^ 肺塵埃沉著病. 樂詞網. 國家教育研究院.  (繁體中文)
  4. ^ 矽肺病的发病机制. 南都周刊. 2010 [2012-11-22]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-05) (中文(简体)). 
  5. ^ 去年新增2.3万尘肺病例 占职业病报告数近九成页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),中国经济网,2014年6月30日
  6. ^ 流水的矿工,铁打的尘肺病. 腾讯评论. 2015-12-06 [2019-03-20]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-20). 
  7. ^ 一个尘肺病家庭的爱与绝望. 腾讯新闻. [2019-03-20]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-20) (中文(简体)). 

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