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天叢雲劍

草薙劍

天叢雲剑(日语:天叢雲剣あめのむらくものつるぎ Ame no Murakumo no Tsurugi)是日本神話中的三神器之一,又名(日语:草薙剣くさなぎ の つるぎ Kusanagi no Tsurugi)、都牟刈大刀つむがりのたち)、八重垣劍やえがきのつるぎ)、沓薙劍くつなぎのけん)等。

神話

根據《古事記》,素戔嗚尊(又作須佐之男)於出雲國遇到足名椎命及手名椎命(《日本書紀》作腳摩乳及手摩乳),他們共有八名子女,但其中七個都獻給了八岐大蛇。他們告訴素戔嗚尊,八岐大蛇即將把他們的最後一個女兒櫛名田比賣(《日本書紀》作奇稻田姬)吃掉。素戔嗚尊答應為老夫婦除去八岐大蛇,但條件是要把奇稻田姬許配給他。他裝扮成奇稻田姬,帶備八桶放在不同的地方。八岐大蛇受酒香所誘,將八個頭分別伸進不同的酒桶裏暢飲。素戔嗚尊乘機以名為天羽羽斬十拳劍把八岐大蛇的頭逐一砍下,然後再斬掉其尾巴。在斬斷第四條尾巴時,他在蛇體內發現一柄劍,將此劍命名為「天叢雲劍」,並獻給天照大神[1]

其後,在第十二任日本天皇景行天皇在位時,天叢雲劍由倭建命所得,倭建命抵達駿河國時,受騙到草原上獵鹿。當地軍閥以火箭焚燒草原,又殺掉馬匹,以防他逃脫。倭建命以天叢雲劍砍草開路。其間,他發現天叢雲劍可控制風向,終能倖免於難,於是他將天叢雲劍命名為「草薙劍」。

歷史

此劍代表著天皇所擁有的武力,儘管《古事記》中提及此劍,但《古事記》是一部日本神話的結集,並不被視為歷史文獻。較為可信的《日本書紀》是第一部提及此劍的典籍[2],《日本書紀》記載了當代或較接近當代時期的事件,該等章節的內容則被視為基於史實。於《日本書紀》中,天叢雲劍被認為導致天武天皇生病,於是在688年從天皇寢宮移出,遷置於熱田神宮內。天叢雲劍是三神器之一,和八咫鏡八尺瓊勾玉並列,且和八尺瓊勾玉合稱劍璽

根據《平家物語》,本劍於壇之浦之戰中爲平時子持之並抱安德天皇一同投海自盡,故已永失於海。若《平家物語》所言屬實,現存的天叢雲劍就並非原物。

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ 《Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697》,威廉·喬治·阿斯頓英语William George Aston(William George Aston)譯自中文及日文版原文,卷一,第一部,56頁,Tuttle Publishing。2005年7月;第一版:1972年。ISBN 978-0-8048-3674-6
  2. ^ 《Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697》,第53頁。

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