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太平天国侍王府

29°06′18″N 19°39′37″E / 29.10500°N 19.66028°E / 29.10500; 19.66028

太平天国侍王府大门
太平天国侍王府
全国重点文物保护单位
中华人民共和国国务院公布
地址浙江省金华市婺城区
分类革命遗址及革命纪念建筑物
时代1861年
编号3-5
认定时间1988年1月13日

太平天国侍王府位于中国浙江省金华市婺城区鼓楼里70号,历史上曾用作唐宋婺州州署、明代巡按御史行台、清代金华府试院和太平天国侍王李世贤王府,建筑由东院、西院、练兵场和后花园(内有水池、假山等)等组成,为现存太平天国建筑中保存最完整、规模最宏大、壁画等艺术品最多的一处[1]

历史

太平天国侍王府历史上长期为衙署所在地,东院唐宋时为婺州州署,元代改为浙东道宣慰司署、肃政廉访司署(婺州路署迁往宋代添差通判厅故址[2]),明代为巡按御史行台[3],清顺治三年(1646)改为金华府试院[4](其原址在祠堂巷东[5])。西院宋代为通判厅,元代为行御史台,明洪武五年(1372)建金华千户所[6][7]。清咸丰十一年(1861)太平军侍王李世贤部攻克金华,时金华府署与县署均毁,遂利用试院和千户所旧址改建王府,作为在浙江的指挥中心,至咸丰十三年(1863)年太平军撤出金华为止。此后东院仍用作金华府试院,西院则被用作金华府通判经历两署[8],原室内壁画被石灰覆盖,直至1963年维修时被发现[9]

建筑

清光绪二十年(1894)《金华县志》金华县城图,试院位于府城东南、子城东北。

太平天国侍王府原位于金华府城内东南、子城内东北,南面正对原子城南门保宁门[10](其上建有谯楼,又名鼓楼(见金华县城图)、镇东楼[11],近年重建),西南原为金华府署和府学,北面尚有子城城墙遗存十余米[12]。保宁门后、照壁前原有明代为许弘纲所立大中丞坊[13](今已不存)。

金华子城模型,自南向北
侍王府模型,自西向东
近年重建的金华子城南门保宁门

东院建筑为太平天国时期利用原试院改建(其中照壁为新建),用于举行会议和决策[1]。建筑中轴线上依次为照壁、大门、仪门(今存遗址)、大堂、穿堂、二堂、穿廊和三堂(耐寒轩),大门、仪门和大堂各五间,二堂三间,左右有附房各三间,三堂七间,大堂前原有东西号舍各五重(今已不存),三堂前有东西厢房各两间,均为硬山顶,三堂前院内有千年古柏两棵[14][15]。院前照壁高7.6米,宽17.2米,四周有龙凤石雕和砖雕装饰,正中原有直径1.24米,重达1吨的石雕团龙,现另藏于金华市博物馆。大堂原为李世贤举行重要军事会议的场所,面阔五间,进深八檩,明、次间梁架为内五架用二柱加前后双步廊再加后双步廊,稍间增加中柱,硬山顶。

照壁
大门
大堂
穿堂、二堂
穿廊、三堂
石雕团龙(复制品)
四季捕鱼图之夏季捕鱼图
四季捕鱼图之冬季捕鱼图

西院建筑为太平天国时期新建,用于侍王办公和居住,其南侧原为练兵场。建筑中轴线上依次为门厅、穿廊、前厅(侍王办公用房)、中厅(侍王居住用房)和后楼(侍王部属和卫士用房)四进[1]。门厅和前厅各九间,中厅七间,以上建筑中部三间与两侧之间设隔墙,后楼九间,均为硬山顶。

壁画

太平天国侍王府共发现壁画119幅,彩画407幅,石雕、砖雕各11件,木雕526件。其中壁画主要集中在西院,以门厅和前厅最多,有表现王府威严的云龙图、太狮少狮图和太平有象图,表现太平天国政治和军事活动的王府图和望楼兵营图,表现民间生活的四季捕鱼图和樵夫挑刺图,表现神话传说的八仙同乐图、东方朔取桃图、刘海戏蟾图和黄初平叱石成羊图等[9]

文化

金华民间认为蒲松龄《聊斋志异》中聂小倩和宁采臣的故事即发生在侍王府后的永福寺,而当时作为金华府试院的侍王府正是宁采臣前往参加科举童试的考场(按原文“会学使案临”,此试应为童试中的第三试院试,由浙江学政主考)。此外文中记载宁采臣后考中进士(原文“后数年,宁果登进士”),但金华进士名录中并未出现宁姓进士,此不合之处被解释为故事传播时因口音而产生的笔误。现状在侍王府周围仍然保存了若干清代时为考生提供住宿的考寓(也称试馆),包括永康考寓、汤溪试馆、湘岩试馆、徐家古里和吴家试馆等[16]

永康考寓
湘岩试馆
徐家古里

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 中共浙江省委宣传部、浙江省文物局. 《浙江国宝:浙江省全国重点文物保护单位》. 杭州: 浙江摄影出版社. 2016: 666–669. ISBN 978-7-5514-1521-7. 
  2. ^ 明·王懋德修,陆凤仪纂,《万历金华府志·卷十·公署》:“府治在子城内,唐宋相仍,元之后置浙东道宣慰司于此,遂迁婺州路治于宋添差通判廨宇故址,即今府治也。”
  3. ^ 《万历金华府志·卷十·公署》:“察院行台在府治东北,乃宋之州治也,元初改浙东道宣慰司署,大德六年司徙庆元,改按察为肃政廉访而徙治其地,本朝改为御史行台。”
  4. ^ 清·邓钟玉等纂修,《光绪金华县志·卷四·建置·衙署》:“试士院在东二隅,唐州治,宋知州仍治于此,元初改浙东道宣慰司署,大德六年司徙治庆元,改为肃政廉访司署,明太祖驻跸后改为巡按御史行台,皇朝顺治三年校士馆燬,即于此试士。”
  5. ^ 《光绪金华县志·卷四·建置·衙署》:“校士馆在北四一坊祠堂巷东,后燬于兵,顺治三年废。”
  6. ^ 《万历金华府志·卷十·公署》:“金华守御千户所在府治东北,宋通判厅,元行御史台故址,洪武五年千户朱洪新建吏目厅、镇抚司、千百户所在焉。”
  7. ^ 《光绪金华县志·卷十四·武备》:“明以武功定天下,革元旧制,自京师达于郡县皆立卫所,统以都指挥司。戊戌之岁定婺州,置金华,翼元帅府,吴元年改翼,置金华、归安二卫,洪武三年省二卫,置金华守御千户所。”
  8. ^ 《光绪金华县志·卷四·建置·衙署》:“通判署咸丰十一年毁于兵燹,同治六年徙东一隅千户所故址(粤贼为馆,制应详府志)。经历署咸丰十一年毁于兵燹,同治六年徙东二隅千户所故址(粤贼为馆,制应详府志)。”
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 汪燕鸣. 《近代传统建筑壁画的奇葩——题材奇特,极具战斗、生活气息的太平天国侍王府建筑壁画艺术》. 华中建筑. 2005年1月: 15–20. 
  10. ^ 《光绪金华县志·卷四·建置·城池》:“古子城,旧经周四里,洪志径一里二百九十步五尺,有门四,南曰保宁(今谯楼下)、东曰熙春(今小井巷路,通东市街)、西曰桐树(今星君楼下)、北曰金华(今大司后东边坡下路口),建年无考,相传废自宋时(见大清一统志)。”
  11. ^ 《光绪金华县志·卷四·建置·衙署》:“谯楼在试院南子城上,宋鼓角楼。……皇朝顺治初知府夏之中又建,改名镇东楼。”
  12. ^ 《千年府地:太平天国侍王府的前世今生》. 李倩. 浙江新闻. [2021-01-01]. [失效連結]
  13. ^ 《光绪金华县志·卷四·建置·坊表》:“大中丞坊在今试士院前,为东阳许宏纲立。”
  14. ^ 《万历金华府志·卷十·公署》:“察院行台正厅五间(扁曰澄清堂),后堂三间,穿堂三间,厢房十间,仪门三间,大门三间,三司厅一所(在行台之左),府厅一所(在三司厅前),县厅一所(在行台之右),谯楼(在行台门外),申明亭在谯楼外东,旌善亭在谯楼外西。”
  15. ^ 《光绪金华县志·卷四·建置·衙署》:“今制大堂五间(旧额澄清),东西号舍各五重,前为仪门五间,再前为大门三间,东为文巡捕厅一间,西为武巡捕厅一间,又西为号房,为守院住宅,东西辕门两旁廊屋各数间,为士子庇风雨所,自大门至大堂皆有甬道,大堂东承差房六间,南向,西皂隶房四间,东向,大堂后为二堂三间(旧额自公,今额公慎勤),东为来宾馆,西为门房,墙东为内巡捕房四间,南向,书办房四间,北向,东厢五间,西向,墙西厨房四间,二堂后为三堂七间(旧额众乐善,今额仍曰耐寒轩),庭有古柏二株,东厢二间,西厢四间,堂东幕舍七间,大门东提调公署一所,前为门,后有楼三间,供文昌,下为官厅,东厢六间,为办公之所。”
  16. ^ 《他一口气说了好几个鬼怪故事:聂小倩和宁采臣的金华奇缘》. 杜羽丰. 浙江新闻. [2021-01-01]. 

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