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罗讷河

罗讷河
Rhône法語
Rhone德語
RônoArpitan
Ròse奧克語
流经里昂的罗讷河
国家 瑞士
 法國
流域
源頭罗讷冰川
 • 位置 瑞士瓦莱州
 • 海拔2,208米(7,244英尺)
河口地中海
 • 位置 法國
 • 坐标43°19′51″N 4°50′44″E / 43.33083°N 4.84556°E / 43.33083; 4.84556
 • 海拔0米(0英尺)
流域面積98,000 km2(38,000 sq mi)
本貌
長度813.69 km(505.60 mi)
流量 
 • 平均流量1,710 m3/s(60,000 cu ft/s)
 • 最小流量360 m3/s(13,000 cu ft/s)
 • 最大流量13,000 m3/s(460,000 cu ft/s)
特徵
左岸支流伊泽尔河迪朗斯河
右岸支流安河索恩河

罗讷河(法語:Rhône发音:[ʁon] ;德語:Rhone发音:[ˈʁoːnə] 法兰克-普罗旺斯语Rôno奧克語Ròse)是法国瑞士的主要河流,发源于阿尔卑斯山,向西流经萊芒湖并流至里昂,之后再向南流经法国东南部,最后注入地中海。在位于阿尔勒的河口附近,该河分为大罗讷河小罗讷河,由此产生的三角洲构成了卡马格地区。

该河的源头是位于瑞士瓦莱州东部边缘的罗讷冰川,该冰川是聖哥達山的一部分,后者孕育了另外三条主要河流:羅伊斯河莱茵河提契诺河

罗讷河与波河尼罗河并称地中海流量最大的三大河流之一[1]

名称

“罗讷”一名源自拉丁语“Rhodanus”。罗讷河的高盧語名称为“*Rodonos”或“*Rotonos”(来自原始印歐語词根“*ret-”,意为“奔跑、滚动”,其经常出现在河流名称中);但希腊起源说的支持者老普林尼在他《自然史》一书中认为罗讷这个名称来自“Rhoda”或“Rhodanusia”,一个曾经由罗得岛人在河流入海口处建造的殖民地。

地理

罗讷河源自罗讷冰川
罗讷河河床

河流

罗讷河源于瑞士瓦莱州海拔1753米的聖哥達山罗讷冰川的冰川融水。在馬蒂尼附近,罗讷河水流变急,并成为一条向西南方向流过冰川峡谷的大河。其后,罗讷河转向西北,离开阿尔卑斯山脉并注入萊芒湖

萊芒湖以平均每秒570立方米的速度[2]向西输出水流,经日内瓦进入法国境内。

通过弯弯曲曲的河道流到里昂,并在那里与索恩河汇合之后,罗讷河继续向南流,穿过阿尔卑斯山中央高原之间的平原地带。

阿尔勒,年均流速为每秒2300[2]立方米的罗讷河分为大罗讷河小罗讷河两支,并形成卡马格三角洲,流入地中海

主要支流及相关河流

瑞士

法国

瑞法

主要城市

历史

罗讷河从远古时期便是一条重要的商道,连接着欧洲北部及地中海

1942年二战期间義大利軍队進駐罗讷河以東的法國領土,此河的一部份在1942年至1943年為納粹德國和義大利的边界。

航运

罗讷河是一条内河航行要道,将众多工业城市,例如阿尔勒阿维尼翁瓦朗斯维埃纳里昂,与地中海港口濱海福斯马赛塞特连接着。罗讷河从索恩河汇合点到地中海都按五级水路发展。同样改造为运河索恩河将罗讷河上的港口连接到索恩河畔自由城马孔索恩河畔沙隆。小型船只可以继续向西北,北或东北行驶,通过中部-卢瓦尔河旁侧-布里亚尔-卢万运河到达塞纳河,通过香槟-勃艮第运河(原马恩河—索恩河运河)进入马恩河,通过孚日运河(原东部运河南支)进入摩澤爾河或通过罗讷河—莱茵河运河进入莱茵河

罗讷河因其强大水流而闻名:水流速度可达到每小时10公里,使得航行有一定难度。十道河闸每日从早上5点到晚上9点运行,管制着运河的通船。[3].

水文资料

水文周期

罗讷河的水文周期是秋天和春天达到高峰,秋天由于雨水,春天由于冰雪的融化。冬天水流平和而夏季水流达到最低点。

博凯尔的平均水流量为每秒1650立方米。一旦水流量超过每秒5000立方米,罗讷河被认为泛滥。
有档案以来最高值纪录于2003年12月在博凯尔达到每秒13000立方米[1],高于1840年和1856年11月的两次洪水。历史上最大的一次洪水有可能是1548年甚至是580年的那次。千年大洪水则被认为能够达到每秒14000立方米以上(在每秒14000与16000立方米之间)。

罗讷河三角洲经过18世纪到19世纪几次大洪水逐渐有了变化。

氣候

冬春兩季有乾冷強烈的風沿河谷向南吹,被稱作密史脱拉风,密史脱拉风在隆河河谷一代最為明顯,常造成作物的災害。

艺术

罗讷河上的星夜

梵高1888年画出《罗讷河上的星夜》,现藏于法国巴黎奥塞美术馆

参考

  1. ^ Margat, Jean F. Mediterranean Basin Water Atlas. UNESCO. 2004: 4 [2023-10-08]. ISBN 9782951718159. (原始内容存档于2024-01-01). There are few rivers with an abundant flow. Only three rivers have a mean discharge of more than 1000 m3/s: the Nile (at Aswan), the Rhône and the Po. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 罗讷河:一条严重人类利用的水资源的生态复原 (PDF). [2006-08-18]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-03-07). 
  3. ^ NoorderSoft水路数据库. [2006-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2005-11-09). 

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