Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

蚊科
化石时期:白堊紀中後期至今[1]100–0 Ma
埃及斑蚊Aedes aegypti,吸血蚊)
巨蚊(Toxorhynchites rutilus,非吸血蚊)
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲: 昆虫纲 Insecta
目: 雙翅目 Diptera
亚目: 長角亞目 Nematocera
下目: 蚊下目 Culicomorpha
总科: 蚊總科 Culicoidea
科: 蚊科 Culicidae
Meigen英语Johann Wilhelm Meigen, 1818
亚科

蚊科学名Culicidae)是昆蟲綱雙翅目之下的一個。該科生物通常被稱為蚊子,是一種具有刺吸式口器的纖小飛蟲。绝大多数蚊科的雄蚊以植物汁液为食,雌蚊则外寄生于其他生物表面,使用刺吸式口器刺穿宿主皮肤以吸取血液。其宿主成千上萬,主要为脊椎动物,如哺乳动物鸟类爬行动物两栖动物鱼类等。有些种类的蚊子还会寄生于节肢动物。吸食血液对宿主一般不会有太大影响,但在吸食过程中,蚊子的唾液会使宿主出现皮疹等症状。蚊子是许多种疾病的传播媒介,蚊子会以吸食血液的方式,将疾病从一个宿主体内传播到另一个宿主体内,登革熱瘧疾黃熱病寨卡病毒絲蟲病英语Filariasis日本腦炎西尼罗河病毒基孔肯雅热虫媒病毒英语arbovirus可以通过这种方式快速传播,因此,蚊子被蚊蟲控制協會(英文:Mosquito Control Association)評為世界上最危險的動物之一。目前除南極洲外,各大洲皆有蚊子的廣泛分布。[2][3][4]

身體構造

跟一般的昆蟲一樣,身體分為頭、胸、腹三個部分。身體和腳皆細長。大小隨種類不同,不過大部分小於15mm。體重約為2-2.5mg。只有一對翅膀(雙翅目的特徵),另一對退化為平衡桿。飛行速度約為每小時1.5到2.5公里,單次飛行可持續4分半鐘,一般蚊子飛行時每秒翅膀振动594次左右;這樣的振動,使我們在蚊子飛行時會聽到「嗡嗡」的聲音口器為刺吸式,特化成細長的喙,大部分種類雌蚊的口器都適合刺吸血液。蚊體表覆蓋形狀及顏色不同的鱗片,使蚊體呈不同的顏色。這是鑑別蚊類的重要依據之一。翅脈上也有鱗片,翅後緣有緣鱗。多為夜行性動物

生活

生活史

蚊子(家蚊屬)的幼蟲,又稱為“jiéjué

蚊科均為完全變態,包括四個發育時期:卵、幼蟲、及成蟲。前三個時期的長短與種類及溫度有關。舉例來說,媒斑蚊(Culex tarsalis,常見於美國),在20℃下須14天來完成前三時期的發育。但在25℃上,只需要10天就可以發育完成。完成前三時期的發育所需的時間通常介於4天至一個月之間。蚊子的卵依種類的不同可能產在水面、水邊或水中三種不同的位置,水面上的如瘧蚊和家蚊,水邊的如斑蚊。瘧蚊和家蚊約在二天內孵化,而斑蚊則在三至五天會孵化。

蚊科昆蟲的幼蟲又稱為jiéjué,通常生活在池沼、水溝或積水的器皿等處。孑孓常用尾端貼著水面,作倒垂式的漂浮。這是孑孓在呼吸。它利用腹部近尾端的呼吸管,直接呼吸水面上的空氣。孑孓利用口的刷毛會產生水流,流向嘴巴,以攝食有機物及微生物,但有少數種類以其他孑孓為食物。孑孓經過四次蛻皮後會發育成蛹。蛹幾乎和孑孓一樣活躍,不攝食,但可在水中游動。形狀從側面看起來成逗點狀。靠連接胸部氣孔的一對呼吸角呼吸。經两天完全成熟。

有一些種類的蚊子幼蟲(例如瓶草蚊屬英语Wyeomyia),住在鳳梨科植物中的積水裡。有些甚至居住在豬籠草捕蟲植物之中。Deinocerites屬的蚊子則居住在海邊的小洞中。大部分不居住在熱帶的品種,都以卵的形態度過冬天。但也有少部分的種類以成蟲或孑孓的型態來越冬,例如家蚊屬的一些種類,即以雌成蟲的型態來越冬。实验室发现,蚊子在0度以上能存活的时间非常长,大概能存活到三到五个月。[5]

孑孓

攝食

大部分蚊科的雌蚊均有吸血習性,主要是為了交配後產卵(並非靠吸食血液維生),所以牠們的口器特化為細長的喙,以便刺穿動物的皮膚。跟其他吸血昆蟲的針狀(像注射針筒)口器不同,雌蚊口器上佈滿了鋸齒狀的突出。和注射針頭平滑的表面相比,鋸齒狀的口器和皮膚組織接觸的面積較小,這減少了對於神經的刺激,所以產生的疼痛感大大降低。蚊子吸血時,會反覆的穿刺皮膚,藉這個動作來尋找最適合的穿刺位置(以微血管密度決定)。接著,將口針刺入皮膚并注射含有抗凝血化合物唾液,有时唾液含有病原体并可能感染寄主。口針可直接刺入微血管,或利用口器的游移劃破微血管,形成血池後再吸血。

雌蚊藉由特殊的感應器來尋找牠們的獵物。雌蚊對二氧化碳及汗水非常敏感,所以牠們能在一定的距離內尋找恆溫動物哺乳類叮咬。經常有人認為血型、肥胖、性別甚至血糖會影響被叮咬的風險,但是在世界範圍內都沒有令人信服的統計數據。

雌蚊需要攝取蛋白質以獲得足夠的營養來產卵,而從一般雄蚊的正常飲食(花蜜、果汁)中無法獲得足量的蛋白質,因此雌蚊才會吸血。而也有少數蚊科雌雄皆不吸血,如巨蚊屬的雌蚊口器構造並不適合吸血,成蟲以花蜜為主食,幼蟲則以其他蚊子(包含同類)的幼蟲為食。

演化

據信,在2.17億年前的三叠纪就已經演化出蚊子的始祖[6]。而最早的化石證據則發現於约1.3亿年前白堊紀早期的琥珀中[7]。最初演化出蚊子的區域是在現今的南美洲,接著逐漸往北遷徙到勞亞古陸,接著再度往南遷徙到熱帶地區。蚊子的祖先大約有現存種類的三倍大,與幽蚊科Chaoboridae)有密切的關係。

蚊與健康

在世界中大部分的地區,蚊是嚴重的公共衛生問題。蚊子传播的疾病可达80多种[8]。估計每年約有7億人被蚊子傳染各種疾病,且每十七人中,就有1人死於被蚊子傳染的各種疾病。[9]蚊子每年殺死70萬人[10][11][12]。尤其是在熱帶地區,多種傳染病常藉由蚊子傳染給人類。但在大多數溫帶國家,例如美國英國紐西蘭日本,被蚊子咬通常只會發癢,而不至於被傳染疾病。[1]

傳染疾病的機制

雌蚊在吸血時,若叮咬的對象是病人,則病原可能藉由這個動作進入蚊子體內,並藉著蚊子的叮咬傳播。但不是每一種蚊子都可以傳播每一種病毒。只有特定種類的蚊子(稱為病媒蚊),可以傳播特定種類的病毒。若病毒被非病媒蚊的蚊子吸取,則會在蚊子的消化系統中被酵素破壞,失去傳染力。[13]由於只有雌蚊會吸血,所以只有雌蚊會傳染疾病。

蚊子對狗會間接傳染犬心絲蟲立克次體的疾病。

瘧蚊與瘧疾

蚊科之下的一個屬,瘧蚊屬Anopheles),是單細胞原生生物界瘧原蟲的中介寄主;其雌蚊吸血姿態呈傾斜倒立狀,頭部非常靠近皮膚,非常好辨認。全世界瘧蚊屬的成員有400種,其中85種能傳播瘧疾。瘧原蟲造成的瘧疾是全球人類主要的死因之一,尤其是五歲以下的孩童,更容易受到瘧疾的感染而死亡。瘧疾每年約造成3百萬人死亡,[14]會傳染瘧疾的瘧蚊分布在南美洲非洲大洋洲中亞,尤以非洲最為嚴重。在非洲,平均每30秒就有一個兒童死於瘧疾。[15]

甘比亞瘧蚊(Anopheles Gambiae),瘧蚊的一種

其他疾病

大部分種類的蚊子都能夠傳染絲蟲病(由線蟲導致)。這種疾病會導致橡皮腫(gumma)使外生殖器及大腿異常腫大。在全球,約有120萬人感染絲蟲病。[2] 大部分品種的蚊子會傳染病毒性的疾病,包括黃熱病登革熱日本腦炎聖路易腦炎多發性關節炎裂谷熱(Rift Valley fever)、契昆根亞熱西尼羅河熱

一般情况下,愛滋病不會藉由蚊子叮咬而傳染。

叮咬與免疫反應

蚊子使用口針(stylets),六根針狀、類似抽血用針的構造來刺進人類的皮膚,吸取血液攝食。當蚊子叮咬人類時,會從口器輸出唾液。其唾液含有蟻酸抗凝血化合物及目前成分不明的蛋白質(目前已知至少含15種),其中酸性物質是用來溶解皮膚表層的角質層;抗凝血化合物則是避免在蚊子吸食血液時,血液突然凝固。第一次被咬時,身體不會有任何特殊反應。但從第二次開始,人體免疫系統肥大细胞會釋放出組織胺,以便對抗蚊子所帶來的外來物質,造成皮膚發癢和紅腫。這種刺激性感覺,乃是被叮咬者對蚊子唾液的一種過敏反應。

分類

本科包括了約3,200種,40屬[16]。又分成:瘧蚊亞科(Anophelinae)及家蚊亞科(Culicinae,包括了80%以上的種類)两个亚科;旧分类法原有的巨蚊亞科(Toxorhynchitinae)现被归为家蚊亚科的一个,即巨蚊族(Toxorhynchitini)。以下僅列出較重要的數個屬。

白線斑蚊Aedes albopictus

灭蚊

  • 设法降低室内空气湿度,尽量控制室内相对湿度在50%左右最为理想[18]
  • 用空酒瓶装上糖水或啤酒放在阴暗处,蚊子闻到甜酒味就会往瓶子里钻,会被糖水或啤酒粘住致死。[19][來源可靠?]
  • 让蚊子绝育。中国科学家向登革热疫情严重的广州沙仔岛大刀沙释放了 2 亿失去生育能力的雄性亚洲虎蚊,幾乎消灭了岛屿上的蚊群。研究报告发表在《自然》期刊上。透過短暂的暴露蚊子在伽玛射线下,这些蚊子感染三种不同的沃尔巴克氏体细菌而失去了繁殖能力。两年的实验之后野生蚊群幾乎消失。岛民被蚊子叮咬的记录下降了96%。[20]

相册

参考文献

  1. ^ Borkent, A.; Grimaldi, D. A. The earliest fossil mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae), in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 2004, 97 (5): 882–888. ISSN 0013-8746. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097[0882:TEFMDC]2.0.CO;2. 
  2. ^ Mosquitoes of Michigan -Their Biology and Control. Michigan Mosquito Control Organization. 2013 [2013-07-27]. (原始内容存档于2013-03-30). 
  3. ^ Gates, Bill. The Deadliest Animal in the World. [2018-05-04]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-12). 
  4. ^ Would it be wrong to eradicate mosquitoes? – BBC News. BBC News. [2016-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-01) (英国英语). 
  5. ^ 蚊子过冬有“绝招” 零度以上能活三到五个月. 江苏广电融媒体新闻中心. 2016-11-24 [2017-11-11]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-12). 
  6. ^ Soghigian, John; Sither, Charles; Justi, Silvia Andrade; Morinaga, Gen; Cassel, Brian K.; Vitek, Christopher J.; Livdahl, Todd; Xia, Siyang; Gloria-Soria, Andrea; Powell, Jeffrey R.; Zavortink, Thomas; Hardy, Christopher M.; Burkett-Cadena, Nathan D.; Reeves, Lawrence E.; Wilkerson, Richard C.; Dunn, Robert R.; Yeates, David K.; Sallum, Maria Anice; Byrd, Brian D.; Trautwein, Michelle D.; Linton, Yvonne-Marie; Reiskind, Michael H.; Wiegmann, Brian M. Phylogenomics reveals the history of host use in mosquitoes. Nature Communications. 2023-10-06, 14 (1). doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41764-y. 
  7. ^ Azar, D; Nel, A; Huang, D; Engel, MS. The earliest fossil mosquito.. Current biology : CB. 2023-12-04, 33 (23): 5240–5246.e2. PMID 38052162. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.047. 
  8. ^ Onen, H; Luzala, MM; Kigozi, S; Sikumbili, RM; Muanga, CK; Zola, EN; Wendji, SN; Buya, AB; Balciunaitiene, A; Viškelis, J; Kaddumukasa, MA; Memvanga, PB. Mosquito-Borne Diseases and Their Control Strategies: An Overview Focused on Green Synthesized Plant-Based Metallic Nanoparticles.. Insects. 2023-02-23, 14 (3). PMID 36975906. doi:10.3390/insects14030221. 
  9. ^ Taubes G. A mosquito bites back. The New York Times Magazine. 1977; 24 Aug:40-6
  10. ^ 蚊子是人类的顶级掠食者. www.solidot.org. [2019-08-26]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-26). 蚊子每年殺死了 70 萬人。在現代人類 20 多萬年的歷史中,總共有 1080 億人類在地球上生活過,其中近半是被蚊子殺死的。 
  11. ^ Lee, Hobart; Halverson, Sara; Ezinwa, Ngozi. Mosquito-Borne Diseases. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 2018-09, 45 (3): 393–407 [2024-09-10]. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2018.05.001. 
  12. ^ Franklinos, LHV; Jones, KE; Redding, DW; Abubakar, I. The effect of global change on mosquito-borne disease.. The Lancet. Infectious diseases. 2019-09, 19 (9): e302–e312. PMID 31227327. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30161-6. 
  13. ^ 蚊子傳播登革病毒的機制,陳維鈞,「科學發展」第368期,2003年8月
  14. ^ Shell ER. Resurgence of a deadly disease. The Atlantic Monthly. 1997;Aug: 45-60
  15. ^ Global Malaria Programme (GMP),WHO
  16. ^ Mullen, Gary Richard; Durden, Lance A. Medical and veterinary entomology 3rd. London: Academic press, an imprint of Elsevier. : 261–325 [2024-09-10]. ISBN 978-0-12-814043-7. doi:10.1016/C2017-0-00210-0. (原始内容存档于2024-09-18) (英语). 
  17. ^ Dany Azar, André Nel, Diying Huang and Michael S. Engel. 2023. The Earliest Fossil Mosquito. Current Biology. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.047
  18. ^ 如何預防蚊子. 中部害蟲管理中心(公司). 2013-04-12 [2013-07-27]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-20). 
  19. ^ 養生常識:天然驅蚊法!蚊子最怕6種味道. 新華網. 2013-07-05 [2013-07-27]. (原始内容存档于2013-07-09). 
  20. ^ 中国科学家释放 2 亿不育蚊子消灭了两个岛屿的蚊群. 科技行者. [2019-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-29). 

参见

延伸阅读

[在维基数据]

维基文库中的相关文本:欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·禽蟲典·蚊部》,出自陈梦雷古今圖書集成

外部链接

Read other articles:

Kotoku Shusui, un des premiers anarchistes japonais. La dissidence au Japon au début de l'ère Shōwa couvre les opposants japonais individuels à l'empire militariste du Japon avant et pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Résistance avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale Incident de haute trahison Shūsui Kōtoku, un anarchiste japonais, critiquait l'impérialisme. Il écrira l'impérialisme: le spectre du XXe siècle en 1901[1]. En 1911, douze personnes, dont Kōtoku, ont été exécutées pour ...

 

Hirzer Das Massiv des Hirzer von Westen: links im Hintergrund der Hauptgipfel, in der Mitte die Obere Scharte, rechts im Hintergrund der Hönig Höhe 2781 m s.l.m. Lage Südtirol, Italien Gebirge Sarntaler Alpen Dominanz 10,4 km → Kolbenspitze (Ötztaler Alpen) Schartenhöhe 687 m ↓ Jaufenpass Koordinaten 46° 44′ 13″ N, 11° 16′ 35″ O46.73694411.2763892781Koordinaten: 46° 44′ 13″ N, 11° 16′...

 

الزق في الغوشنة السوداء. الزِقَ (بالإنجليزية: Ascus)‏ وجمعها زِقاق، هي خلية بوغية والجزء التناسلي المُميّز وهو عبارة عن تركيب مجهري يُشبه الكيس يتواجد في الفطريات الزقيّة.[1][2] عادة ما تحتوي الزِقاق على ثمانية أبواغ زقية. يحدث اندماج الأنوية في هذا الكيس حيث يتم إنتاج ن

American historian and professor of political science talking to John Studebaker James Fulton Zimmerman (September 11, 1887 – October 20, 1944) was an American historian and professor of political science. He was the seventh president of University of New Mexico and played a central role in its development and expansion. He is known in the academic historical world for his research into the subject of American seamen impressed into the Royal Navy by the British before and during the War of ...

 

2005 novel by Roland Smith Cryptid Hunters AuthorRoland SmithCover artistGail DoobininCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishSeriesMarty and GraceGenreFantasy, Adventure, Science FictionPublisherHyperion Books, ScholasticPublication dateFebruary 2005 (2005-02)Media typePrintPages352Awardssee AccoladesISBN978-0786851614OCLC61772218LC ClassPZ7.S65766 Cr 2005Followed byTentacles  Cryptid Hunters is a 2005 young adult science fiction novel by Roland Smith; it follow...

 

King Street Capital Management, L.P.TypeLimited PartnershipIndustryGlobal Investment ManagementFounded1995HeadquartersNew York, New York, U.S.Area servedWorldwideAUMUS$ 17.9 billion(as of June 30, 2019)[1]Websitekingstreet.com King Street Capital Management, L.P. is a global investment management company founded in 1995 by Brian J. Higgins and Francis Biondi Jr.[2][3] King Street Capital Management managed approximately $17.9 billion of assets as of June 2019.[...

Jungian archetype Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Wounded healer is a term created by psychologist Carl Jung. The idea states that an analyst is compelled to treat patients because the analyst himself is wounded. The idea may have Greek mythology origins. Victor et al. (2022) found ...

 

Television series This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedi...

 

2001 studio album by Che FuNavigatorStudio album by Che FuReleasedNovember 5, 2001LabelSony MusicChe Fu chronology 2b S.Pacific(1997) Navigator(2001) Beneath the Radar(2005) Singles from Navigator Fade AwayReleased: 2001[1] RandomReleased: 2001[2] Misty FrequenciesReleased: 2002[3] Navigator is an album released in 2001 by New Zealand hip-hop artist, Che Fu. Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.Misty FrequenciesChe NessGodfrey De GrutNess3:132.Catc...

Breed of cat Breed of catAmerican ShorthairBlack silver blotched tabby American ShorthairOther namesnoneOriginNorth America (formal breed development)Europe (original landrace stock)Breed standardsCFAstandardTICAstandardACFA/CAAstandardCCA-AFCstandardDomestic cat (Felis catus) The American Shorthair (ASH) is a breed of domestic cat believed to be descended from European cats brought to North America by early settlers to protect valuable cargo from mice and rats.[1] According to the Ca...

 

Josina Machel Hospital Lucrécia Paím Maternity Hospital Our Lady of Peace Hospital This is a list of hospitals in Angola. As of 2019[update] there are a total of 1,575 medical facilities in Angola.[1][2] Hospitals The hospitals in the table below shows the name, location, affiliation, and number of licensed beds. Only the most notable hospitals in Angola are listed. The best hospitals are located in the country's capital city, Luanda. The largest number of medical fa...

 

German swimmer Daniela HungerDaniela Hunger in 1990Personal informationNationality East Germany (until 1990) GermanyBorn (1972-03-20) 20 March 1972 (age 51)East Berlin, East GermanyHeight1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Weight63 kg (139 lb)SportSportSwimmingStrokesMedleyFreestyleClubSC Dynamo BerlinSV Preußen Berlin Medal record Women's swimming Representing  East Germany Olympic Games 1988 Seoul 200 m medley 1988 Seoul 4×100 m freestyle 1988 Seoul 400 m medley Repr...

Belasco (comics) redirects here. For the cartoonist, see Belasco (cartoonist). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere triv...

 

Infinitely detailed mathematical structure For other uses, see Fractal (disambiguation). Mandelbrot set at the cardioid left boundary The Mandelbrot set: its boundary is a fractal curve with Hausdorff dimension 2. (Note that the colored sections of the image are not actually part of the Mandelbrot Set, but rather they are based on how quickly the function that produces it diverges.) Mandelbrot set with 12 encirclements Zooming into the boundary of the Mandelbrot set In mathematics, a fractal ...

 

Logo Anugerah Musik Indonesia. Penghargaan Anugerah Musik Indonesia untuk Produser/Penata Musik Pop Terbaik diberikan sejak perhelatan ketujuh tahun 2003. Kategori ini diberikan kepada produser atau penata musik pop dengan rilis yang dapat diperhitungkan. Penerima Tahun Pemenang Karya Penampil karya Nomine Ref. 2003 Tohpati Cinta Kita Reza Artamevia N/A [1] Kategori tidak diberikan pada 2004 2005 Erwin Gutawa Andaikan Kau Datang Ruth Sahanaya N/A [2] 2006 Erwin Gutawa Tanpa Ke...

Indian politician Not to be confused with Tej Pratap Yadav. Tej Pratap Singh YadavMember of Parliament, Lok SabhaIn office16 May 2014 – 23 May 2019Preceded byMulayam Singh YadavSucceeded byMulayam Singh YadavConstituencyMainpuri Personal detailsBorn (1987-11-21) 21 November 1987 (age 36)Saifai, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaPolitical party Samajwadi PartySpouse Raj Lakshmi Yadav ​(m. 2015)​RelationsMulayam Singh Yadav (granduncle)Ram Gopal Yadav (granduncle)...

 

Public utility holding company based in Madison, Wisconsin, US Alliant Energy CorporationAlliant's Edgewater Generating Station, a coal power plant in Sheboygan, Wisconsin.TypePublic companyTraded asNasdaq: LNTS&P 500 componentIndustryutilitiesFounded1917; 106 years ago (1917)Headquarters4902 N. Biltmore LaneMadison, WisconsinUnited StatesProductselectricity, natural gasRevenue US$3.669 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[1]Operating income US$0.79...

 

Gaelic games club in County Kilkenny, Ireland This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Thomastown GAA – news · newspapers · books · scholar ...

Not to be confused with FC Luch Minsk. Football clubLuch MinskFull nameFC Luch MinskFounded2012GroundSOK Olimpiysky, MinskCapacity1,530Head CoachIvan BionchikLeagueBelarusian Premier League201813th Home colours Away colours FC Luch Minsk (Russian: ФК Луч; Belarusian: ФК Прамень Мінск, translit. FK Pramyen' Minsk, 'lightning') is a Belarusian football club based in Minsk. History The team was founded in 2012 under the name ALF-2007 Minsk as a selection of best players from M...

 

Questa voce sull'argomento giocatori di beach soccer è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Madjer Nazionalità  Portogallo Altezza 194 cm Peso 80 kg Beach soccer Ruolo Pivot Squadra Roma Beach Soccer Carriera Squadre di club ?-?Roma Beach Soccer? (?) Nazionale 1998- Portogallo42 (100)[1] Palmarès  Mondiali Argento 2005 Bronzo 2008 Bronzo 2009 Bronzo 2011 Oro 2015   Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale João Vícto...

 
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya