根據美國美國物質濫用與精神健康管理署(英语:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration)(SAMHSA)所發布2004年-2005年全國藥物使用與健康調查(National Surveys on Drug Use & Health)的綜合數據,12歲或以上群組的上一年酒精依賴或濫用的比例因患者飲用酒精的水平而異:在過去一個月,重度飲酒者中所佔的比例為44.7% 、暴飲者中所佔的比率為18.5%、非暴飲者所佔的比率為3.8%,而在過去一個月未飲酒的人中有1.3%是符合過去一年中有酒精依賴或是濫用的標準。在過去一個月的所有飲酒指標中,男性比率均高於女性:任何飲酒(男性57.5%對女性45%)、暴飲(30.8%對15.1%)、和重度飲酒(10.5%對3.3%),而在過去一年,男性達到酒精依賴或濫用標準的可能性是女性的兩倍(10.5%對5.1%)。[85]
“亂用”、“不當使用”、“濫用”、和“重度”使用酒精,都指的是不當飲用酒精,會對飲酒者造成身體、社會、或道德上的損害。[95]由美國農業部和美國衛生及公共服務部合作提出的美國人飲食指南(The Dietary Guidelines for Americans)把“適度使用”定義為男性每天不超過兩份酒精飲料,女性每天不超過一份酒精飲料。[96]美國國家酒精濫用和酗酒研究所(英语:National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism)(NIAAA)把暴飲定義為血液酒精濃度(BAC)達到0.08的水準,對於大多數成年人來說,在兩個小時內,男性喝五份酒或女性喝四份酒即可達到這種酒精濃度。根據NIAAA,如果男性每週飲酒超過14份(標準份量)或是每天4份,則會面臨與酒精有關的風險,而女性如果每週飲酒超過7份或是每天3份,則會面臨風險。所謂美國“份”的酒精標準份量定義為一瓶12盎司的啤酒、一杯5盎司的葡萄酒、或是1.5盎司的蒸餾酒。[97]雖然有這種風險,美國2014年的全國藥物使用與健康調查發現,根據調查所定義的“重度飲酒者”或“暴飲者”中,只有10%符合酒精依賴的標準,只有1.3%的非暴飲者符合酒精依賴的標準。從這項研究中得出的結論是,在多數情況下,利用循證策略和臨床預防服務就可有效地減少暴飲,而無需進行成癮治療。[98]
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CorvidaeRentang fosil: PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Oxfordian to Subatlantic. Blue JayCyanocitta cristata Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Aves Subkelas: Neornithes Infrakelas: Neoaves Ordo: Passeriformes Subordo: Passeri Infraordo: Corvida Superfamili: Corvoidea Famili: CorvidaeVigors, 1825 Penyebaran Corvidae. Native (Re)Introduced Extinct Corvidae adalah ...
circa 1900, affiche van fabrikant Viets & Van Leeuwen circa 1900, Onbekende man met fiets De geschiedenis van het fietsen in Nederland loopt aanvankelijk gelijk op met de ontwikkelingen in nabijgelegen Europese landen. Vanaf 1900 ontstond langzamerhand de Nederlandse fietscultuur. Typisch hiervoor zijn het belang van het utilitair gebruik (voor woon-werk e.d.), het feit dat fietsen in hoge mate welstands-neutraal is en dat mensen van alle leeftijden fietsen.[1] De ontwikkeling van...