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韓嵩

韓嵩(?—?),字德高荊州義陽郡(今河南省桐柏縣)人,是東漢末年的治政人物。他在侍奉荊州劉表時,曾任別駕從事中郎。後被劉表疑懷存有貳心,故曾被收監囚禁。劉琮歸降曹操後,被拜為九卿之一的大鴻臚

生平

好學守節

韓嵩年少時好學不倦,即使生活貧困也不改其操守德行。韓嵩既有先見之明,知道天下將會陷入昏亂,故此他就不應三公的辟命,而與同好幾人一起隱居於酈西山中。

屢次正諫

黄巾之亂爆發時(公元184年),韓嵩則避難至南方。初平元年(公元190年),劉表王睿荊州刺史,就逼韓嵩為其別駕,後來再轉任從事中郎

在初平二年(公元192年)期間,劉表殺死了其勢力的最大威脅者──長沙太守孫堅;翌年又獲朝廷冊封為荊州;然後他又成功以斷糧之法迫走袁術。自此,劉表在荊州的統治權更為鞏固,於是他野心漸起,就仿傚歷代帝王郊祀天地。韓嵩義正詞嚴諫之不可,但劉表不聽之餘,在日後行事更漸見違忤朝廷之舉。

建安五年(公元200年),河北雄主袁紹南征曹操,雙方先後決戰於白馬官渡。此時,袁紹遣人求助於劉表,劉表向來使表示同意,卻又不肯派遣軍隊助戰;另一方面,他亦不肯協援曹操,而只希望偏安漢南,以觀時變。

時任從事中郎的韓嵩認為此做法不妥當,於是與同別駕劉先就向劉表勸说:「今豪桀並爭,兩雄相持,天下之重在於將軍。若欲有為,起乘其敝可也;如其不然,固將擇所宜從。豈可擁甲十萬,坐觀成敗?求援而不能助,見賢而不肯歸!此兩怨必集于將軍,恐不得中立矣。曹操善用兵,且賢俊多歸之,其勢必舉袁紹,然後移兵以向江漢,恐將軍不能禦也。今之勝計,莫若舉荊州以附曹操,操必重德將軍,長享福祚,垂之後嗣,此萬全之策也。」(如今豪杰並爭,兩個雄主相持於官渡,所以決定天下之局勢的重任就在於將軍了。若果將軍是希望有所作為的話,就應該乘此機會而起事;但若不然,就應該選擇可以跟從的雄主了。現在將軍您又怎能擁兵十萬,而坐觀成敗?袁紹前來求援,您又不派兵協助;曹操賢明,您又不願歸隨。這兩大勢力不管誰勝誰負,將來都會因怨恨而對付將軍你的,屆時我們恐怕不能再保持中立了。我等認為曹操善於用兵,而且又多賢臣俊士歸附,他必定能夠一舉殲滅袁紹,然後就會把兵鋒指向我們,恐怕將軍到時候也不能夠與其抗衡吧。如今必勝之計,莫過於舉荊州之眾而歸附曹操,而曹操必定會看重將軍的恩德,您就能長享福祚,子孫晏然,這才是真正的萬全之策啊!)

出使之禍

除了韓嵩和劉先外,劉表的重要谋士蒯越亦同樣勸他應該表態。但劉表依然狐疑不決,於是就萌生了派韓嵩出使朝廷的念頭,並對韓嵩說:「今天下大亂,未知所定,曹公擁天子都,君為我觀其釁。」(如今天下大亂,大勢未知所定,而曹公奉天子於許都,希望閣下能夠替我觀其虛實。)

韓嵩認為劉表在沒有主意的情況下派其出使,必會得不到喜見的答案,於是就警告劉表說:「聖達節,次守節。嵩,守節者也。夫事君為君,君臣名定,以死守之;今策名委質,唯將軍所命,雖赴湯蹈火,死無辭也。以嵩觀之,曹公至明,必濟天下。將軍能上順天子,下歸曹公,必享百世之利,楚國實受其祐,使嵩可也;設計未定,嵩使京師,天子假嵩一官,則天子之臣,而將軍之故吏耳。在君為君,則嵩守天子之命,義不得復為將軍死也。唯將軍重思,無負嵩。」 (至聖者可以通逹於普世的價值、忠節,次一等者則只能緊守現存公認的氣節。而我韓嵩,僅僅是守節者而已。既侍奉您為主君,主從之間的關係明確,我將以死守節;現在奉命前往朝廷仕宦獻身,是因為將軍您的命令,我即使赴湯蹈火,也是萬死不辭。就屬下觀察,曹公非常賢明,必能匡濟天下,如果將軍能夠臣服天子,投靠曹公的話,就能享百世安康之福,荊楚之地亦能受到保護,那麼派遣我為使者是可行的;如果您舉棋不定,卻仍命我出使京師的話,一旦天子封我為官,我便會成為天子的屬臣,也就是將軍的舊屬而已。誰為主君就為誰效力,到時我只能遵從天子的命令,在道義上就不能再為將軍盡忠效命了。唯望將軍慎重三思,不要辜負韓嵩誠心建言。)

劉表以為韓嵩只因怯懼而推搪,便強行命他出使。韓嵩到了許都後,果如所料,被天子拜為侍中,遷零陵太守。韓嵩回到荊州後,就大為稱頌朝廷和曹操的威德,又勸劉表派遣質子入朝侍奉。劉表認為韓嵩懷有貳心,於是大會群臣數百人,陳兵而責見他。其時劉表盛怒,手持符節想要下令殺他,還屢說:「嵩敢懷貳邪!」(韓嵩你竟敢懷二心!)在場的眾人大為驚慌,想叫韓嵩謝罪,但韓嵩卻不為所動,只向劉表說道:「將軍負嵩,嵩不負將軍。」(是將軍您有負於我,而不是我有負於您。)並且再陳述臨行之言。劉表依然怒不可遏,其妻蔡氏素來知道韓嵩賢良,於是進諫說:「韓嵩,楚國之望也;且其言直,誅之無辭。」(韓嵩名重荊楚,而且他言行率直無假,是誅之無名的。)劉表又拷問韓嵩隨行的手下,得知韓嵩並無他意,方才作罷斬殺他的念頭,但仍然將其囚禁。

隨降易主

建安十三年(公元208年),劉表病逝,其次子劉琮繼位。當時曹操南征荊州的部隊已經出發,劉琮聽從謀士蒯越傅巽的建議,歸降曹操。根據《後漢書‧劉表傳》曹操在平定荊州後,就把韓嵩從囚牢中釋放出來。曹操又因為韓嵩名望崇高,於是加以禮待,並且使其條品荊州人士的優劣,並依其言一一擢升重用。同時,曹操又任命韓嵩為大鴻臚,更向他待以交友之禮,對他甚為器重。

《三國志‧劉表傳》則沒有記載曹操釋放韓嵩的事,反而明確地指出韓嵩曾偕同蒯越及傅巽一同勸劉琮歸降曹操。後來曹操的主力到達江陵,就大肆封賞劉表的故吏十五人,而韓嵩亦在此名單之中。然而,韓嵩當時身體抱恙,故此就在家中拜受大鴻臚的印綬。後事不詳。


評價

《先賢行狀》:(嵩)少好學,貧不改操。

《三國志》蔡夫人:韓嵩,楚國之望也;且其言直,誅之無辭。


参考书目

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