Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

F-1火箭发动机

F-1
F-1 rocket engine specifications
原產國美利堅合眾國
製造者洛克達因公司
液態火箭發動機
推進劑LOX / RP-1
系統燃气发生器循环
性能
推力(海平面)1,522,000 lbf(6,770 kN)
燃燒室壓力70巴(1,015磅力每平方英寸;7百萬帕斯卡)
比衝(海平面)263秒(2.58公里每秒)

F-1火箭引擎(以下简称F-1)是美国洛克達因公司设计制造的一款煤油液氧引擎,用于土星5号运载火箭的第一级。F-1是投入使用过的推力最大的单喷嘴(单燃烧室)液体火箭引擎,也是仅次于俄罗斯RD-170的推力最大的液体引擎(RD-170发动机有4个燃烧室,一台涡轮泵和2个预燃室)。

历史

F-1在宇航火箭中心展出

洛克达因最初设计F-1只是出于美国空军在1955年提出的制造超大型火箭引擎的要求。公司最后设计出两个版本,一个E-1,一个更大的F-1。E-1虽然在静态点火试验中取得成功,但很快这款引擎被视为没有後續價值,而且有更强大的F-1存在,E-1计划被中止了。然而美国空军发现没有使用如此强大的引擎的必要,F-1的研究计划也随之中止。刚刚成立的NASA看中了这款引擎,并与洛克达因签约,要求尽快完成研发。1957年,引擎进行了局部试验,而整机的静态点火试验也在1959年3月取得成功。

F-1在随后七年的测试中,其燃烧不稳定性逐渐暴露出来,并可能导致灾难性事故。[1]攻克这个技术难题的工作最初进展十分缓慢,因为这种故障的发生是不可预知的。最终,工程师们想出了解决办法,他们将少量的爆轰炸药放在燃烧室中,并在引擎运转时引爆炸药,以此测试燃烧室在压力变化时将作何反应。设计师随后测试了几种不同的燃料喷射器,并得到了最佳匹配方案。这个问题从1959年一直拖到1961年才算告一段落。

设计细节

F-1以燃气发生器循环为基础。即在炉外燃烧室里燃烧一小部分燃料,以燃气驱动涡轮泵将燃料和氧化剂泵入主燃室。发动机的核心组件是推力室,燃料和氧化剂混合并燃烧产生推力。发动机顶部是一个半球形小室,即做输送液氧的歧管,也做万向轴承的支撑架,连接引擎和火箭箭体。小室之下是喷射器,用来混合燃料和氧化剂。一部分燃料从另一个歧管进入喷射器,另一部分燃料通过178根管道直接通入推力室,盘旋的管道形成了推力室的上半部分,还可以起到给推力室降温的作用。

燃料和液氧由不同的泵泵入,但泵由同一个涡轮驱动。涡轮转速为5,500 RPM,产生55,000制动马力(41 MW)。在此功率下,工作泵每分钟可以泵入15,471 加仑(58,564 )煤油和24,811加仑(93,920升)液氧。涡轮泵被设计得可以应付严酷的温度环境:煤气的温度高达1,500 °F (816 °C),而液氧的温度低至-300 °F (-184 °C)。一些燃料煤油被充作涡轮的润滑剂和冷却剂。

推力室下方是喷嘴的延伸,大致延伸到发动机的一半长度位置。延伸部分将发动机的膨胀比从10:1提高到16:1。涡轮机排除的低温气体通过锥形歧管进入延伸部分,保护喷嘴在高温(5,800 °F, 3,200 °C)下不受损坏。[2]

F-1每秒消耗3,945磅(1,789 kg)液氧,1,738磅(788 kg)煤油,产生1,500,000磅力(6.7 MN)的推力。在两分半钟的运转中,土星五号凭借F-1上升42英里(68 km)高度,达到6,164英里每小时(9,920 km/h)的速度。土星五号每秒的推进剂流量是12,710升,可以在8.9秒内清空一个容量110,000升的游泳池。[2]每台F-1发动机的推力都比航天飞机上三台发动机总和还多。[3]

参数

阿波罗 4、6、8 阿波罗 9-17
推力(海平面): 1,500,000 磅力(6.7MN) 1,522,000 磅力(6.77MN)
燃烧时间: 150 s 165s
比冲 260 s (2.55 kN·s/kg) 263 s (2.58 kN·s/kg)
净重: 18,416 磅 (8,353 kg) 18,500 磅 (8,391 kg)
燃尽重量: 20,096 磅 (9,115 kg) 20,180 磅 (9,153 kg)
高度: 19 ft (5.79 m)
直径: 12.3 ft (3.76 m)
喷口面积比: 16:1
推进剂: LOX & RP-1
混合比: 2.27:1 氧化剂:燃料
制造商: 北美航空/洛克达因
应用: 農神五号 V / S-IC - 5台

来源:[2][4]

阿波羅任務期间的改進

F-1在阿波罗8号(SA-503)和阿波罗17号(SA-512)任务期间得到改进。因为随着任务的进展,農神五号的负荷也逐渐增大。每次任务对引擎的性能要求都略有差异,用于阿波罗15号的F-1发动机性能为:

  • 每台平均海平面推力:1,553,200 磅力(6.909 MN)
  • 燃烧时间:159 s
  • 比冲:264.72 s
  • 混合比:2.2674
  • S-IC级总海平面推力:7,766,000 磅力(34.54 MN)

引擎推力实测值与标称值有差异,阿波罗15号所用的发动机其起飞推力为7,823,000磅力(34.80 MN),而F-1的平均值是1,565,000磅力(6.96 MN)。

阿波罗任务之后的归宿

60年代,洛克达因在对F-1的持续研究之后,曾试图开发F-1A引擎,虽然二者外观相似,但F-1A比F-1更轻,且推力更大,可以满足阿波罗计划之后时期的農神五号需求,然而随着農神五号生产线的停产,研究终止。

当时有提议在诺瓦火箭的第一级使用八个F-1,从70年代至今,还不断有各种关于使用F-1来开发新型火箭的意见,但都未能成行。

F-1一直保持着最大推力液態发动机的地位,直到苏联RD-170出现,但F-1在单喷嘴发动机领域的第一的位置依然没有动摇。

参考

注释

  1. ^ Ellison, Renea; Moser, Marlow, Combustion Instability Analysis and the Effects of Drop Size on Acoustic Driving Rocket Flow (PDF), Huntsville, Alabama: Propulsion Research Center, University of Alabama in Huntsville, [2008-07-22], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-09-07) 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Saturn V News Reference: F-1 Engine Fact Sheet (PDF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration: 3–3,3–4, December 1968 [2008-06-01], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-04-13) 
  3. ^ NSTS 1988 News Reference Manual, NASA, [2008-07-03], (原始内容存档于2019-11-30) 
  4. ^ F-1 Engine (chart), NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, [2008-06-01], MSFC-9801771, (原始内容存档于2011-06-05) 

外部链接

Read other articles:

Earthquake in Northwestern Albania 2019 Albania earthquakeA partially collapsed apartment in Durrës. DurrësKodër-ThumanëKurbinLezhëTiranaLaçUTC time2019-11-26 02:54:12ISC event616919407USGS-ANSSComCatLocal date26 November 2019 (2019-11-26)Local time03:54:12 CET (UTC+1)Magnitude6.4 MwDepth20.0 km (12.4 mi)Epicentre41°30′40″N 19°31′19″E / 41.511°N 19.522°E / 41.511; 19.522FaultShijak Fault[1]TypeThrus...

 

 

Georg Baselitz: BDM-Gruppe (vor dem Carmen Würth Forum in Künzelsau) Georg Baselitz: Yellow Song (vor dem Carmen Würth Forum in Künzelsau) Das Carmen Würth Forum in Künzelsau ist ein 2017 eröffnetes Kultur- und Kongresszentrum.[1][2][3] Es wurde nach Plänen des Berliner Büros des britischen Architekten David Chipperfield (* 1953) erbaut.[4][5] Benannt nach Carmen Würth, Ehefrau des Unternehmers Reinhold Würth, beherbergt der Gebäudekomplex e...

 

 

No debe confundirse con el Cuartel General Supremo de las Potencias Aliadas en Europa. Sede de la OTAN Banderas de los estados miembros y logotipo de la organización en la entrada de la sede de la OTANDatos generalesTipo Sede centralCalle Bulevar Leopoldo IIILocalización Haren, Bruselas (Bélgica)Coordenadas 50°52′46″N 4°25′34″E / 50.879305555556, 4.4261111111111Construcción 25 de mayo de 2017Inauguración 25 de mayo de 2017Propietario OTANOcupante OTANAltura 32 m...

Kerja sampai mati beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk Fenomena budaya kerja Jepang, lihat Karōshi. Todesstiege (Tangga Kematian) di kamp konsentasi Mauthausen, Austria Hulu. Para tahanan dipaksa mengangkat bebatuan berat sesambil menaiki tangga tersebut. Plakat peringatan di Hamburg-Neugraben Pemusnahan melalui tenaga kerja (atau pemusnahan melalui pekerjaan, Vernichtung durch Arbeit) adalah praktek kamp-kamp konsentrasi di Jerman Nazi untuk membunuh para tahanan dengan cara kerja paksa.[1]...

 

 

Season of television series NieR:Automata Ver1.1aLogo of the anime seriesCountry of originJapanNo. of episodes12ReleaseOriginal networkTokyo MX, GYT, GTV, BS11Original releaseJanuary 8, 2023 (2023-01-08) –present (present) Nier: Automata Ver1.1a is a Japanese anime television series based on the 2017 action role-playing game Nier: Automata. The plot follows androids of the YoRHa military force fighting for humanity in a proxy war with alien-created Machine Lifeforms.[1 ...

 

 

آري شيفر (بالفرنسية: Ary Scheffer)‏    معلومات شخصية الميلاد فبراير 10، 1795دوردريخت الوفاة يونيو 15، 1858باريس مكان الدفن مقبرة مونمارتر  مواطنة هولندا فرنسا  عضو في الأكاديمية الملكية الهولندية للفنون والعلوم  الحياة العملية تعلم لدى بيير ناريس غيران  التلامذة المشهو

Giải Grammy cho Bài hát rock hay nhấtBruce Springsteen, kỷ lục gia của giải thưởng với 4 chiến thắng.Trao choCa khúc thể loại nhạc rock chất lượngQuốc giaHoa KỳĐược trao bởiViện hàn lâm Khoa học và Nghệ thuật Thu âm Quốc giaLần đầu tiên1992Trang chủgrammy.com Giải Grammy cho Bài hát rock hay nhất là một giải thưởng âm nhạc nằm trong hạng mục giải thưởng của giải Grammy, một giải thưởng ra...

 

 

English actor Not to be confused with Joe Quinn (actor). Joseph QuinnQuinn in 2022Born1993 or 1994 (age 29–30)London, EnglandEducationLAMDAOccupationActorYears active2011–present Joseph Quinn (born 1993 or 1994)[1] is an English actor. He is best known for his role as Eddie Munson in the fourth season of the Netflix series Stranger Things (2022).[2][3] His previous appearances were in the BBC One series Dickensian (2016), Howards End (2017), a...

 

 

Belgian politician Joris Van SeverenJoris Van SeverenBornGeorges Edmond Eduard Van Severen(1894-07-19)19 July 1894Wakken, West Flanders, BelgiumDied20 May 1940(1940-05-20) (aged 45)Abbeville, Hauts-de-France, FranceCause of deathExecution by shootingNationalityBelgianEducationLaw degreeAlma materUniversity of GhentOccupationPoliticianPolitical partyFrontpartijVerdinaso Joris Van Severen (19 July 1894 – 20 May 1940) was a Belgian politician and ideologue of the Flemish Mov...

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。(このテンプレートの使い方)出典検索?: 温帯雨林 – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL(2020年5月) 温帯雨林の分布 温帯雨林(おんたいうりん、英�...

 

 

هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. منذ العام 1980 تورطت أفغانستان في أعمال عنف مستمرة تقريباً. و بالتالي، فقد تم قمع الموسيقى والتسجيلات لأي مصادر أجنبية على الرغم من التراث الموسيقي الغني لهذه الدولة. و خلال ال�...

 

 

Орнітофауна Британської території в Індійському океані ? Птахи Британської території в Індійському океаніБіорегіонФауністичне царство БіосфераБіогеографічний екорегіон ІндомалайяМісцевістьКонтинент АзіяКраїна  Велика БританіяТериторія  Британська територі�...

The toponym Azerbaijan was historically used to refer to the region located south of the Aras River- today known as Iranian Azerbaijan, located in northwestern Iran.[1][2] Historians and geographers usually referred to the region north of the Aras River as Arran,[3][4][5] but the name Azerbaijan has also been extended to this area as well. On May 28, 1918, following the collapse of the Russian Empire, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was proclaimed to...

 

 

Late 19th Century Bushfire in Australia Red Tuesday bushfiresGippsland, on Sunday 20 February 1898(Source:John Longstaff)LocationSouth Gippsland, Victoria, AustraliaStatisticsDate(s)1 February 1898Burned area260,000 hectares (640,000 acres)Buildings destroyed2,000Deaths12 The Red Tuesday bushfires occurred on 1 February 1898 in South Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. The bushfires claimed 12 lives, destroyed over 2,000 buildings,[1] and affected about 15,000 people, leaving 2,500 homele...

 

 

1967–68 in Scottish footballDivision One championsCelticDivision Two championsSt MirrenScottish Cup winnersDunfermline AthleticLeague Cup winnersCelticJunior Cup winnersJohnstone BurghTeams in EuropeAberdeen, Celtic, Dundee, Hibernian, RangersScotland national team1968 BHC / UEFA Euro 1968 qualifying The 1967–68 season was the 95th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 71st season of Scottish league football. [1] Scottish League Division One Main article: 1967–68 Sc...

Ethnic group in China and Vietnam This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Qabiao people – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) QabiaoTotal population705 (1999 est.)Regions with significant populationsVietnam: Hà Giang 903 (...

 

 

Vengeur-class ship of the line For other ships with the same name, see HMS Vindictive. HMS Vindictive reduced to 50 guns History United Kingdom NameHMS Vindictive circa 1840 Ordered15 January 1806 BuilderPortsmouth Dockyard Laid downJuly 1808 Launched30 November 1813 FateSold, 1871 General characteristics [1] Class and typeVengeur-class ship of the line Tons burthen1758 bm Length176 ft 2 in (53.70 m) (gundeck) Beam47 ft 8.5 in (14.542 m) Depth of hold21&#...

 

 

Football clubWindsor & EtonFull nameWindsor & Eton Football ClubNickname(s)The RoyalistsFounded1892; 131 years ago (1892)Dissolved2 February 2011; 12 years ago (2 February 2011)GroundStag Meadow, WindsorCapacity4,500 (450 seated)2010–11Southern League Premier Division, resigned Home colours Away colours Windsor & Eton F.C. was an English association football club based in Windsor, Berkshire, last playing in the Southern League Premier Division in 2...

De SS-Begleitkommando des Führers was een bodyguard-team van SS-soldaten. Deze soldaten hadden de taak om Adolf Hitler te beschermen ten tijde van het naziregime. Het team werd op 29 februari 1932 opgericht en bevatte toen acht soldaten: Franz Schädle Bruno Gesche Erich Kempka August Körber Adolf Dirr Kurt Gildisch Willy Herzberger Bodo Gelzenleuchter Zij moesten ervoor zorgen dat Hitler zich vrij kon verplaatsen. Het team werd in 1934 vervangen door het Führerschutzkommando. Zie ook Begl...

 

 

Este artigo não cita fontes confiáveis. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW  • CAPES  • Google (N • L • A) (Novembro de 2020) Coordenadas: 15° 41' 26 N 100° 6' 50 E Nakhon Sawan Capital Nakhon Sawan Região Região Norte População 1.090.379 habitantes Censo abril de 2000 Área 9.597,7 km² Densidade 113,61 hab/km² População estimada 1.130.841 h...

 

 

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya