公元7世紀至8世紀期間,吐蕃称该王国为“李域”(藏語:ལི་ཡུལ་,威利转写:li-yul)或者“江热木布”(藏語:ལྕང་ར་སྨུག་པོ་,威利转写:lcang ra smug po,意思是“红柳林”)[20];称该王国的都城为Hu-ten、Hu-den、Hu-then或Yvu-then。[21][22]
在鄰近的鄯善國(樓蘭)發現的公元3世紀用普拉克里特諸語言書寫的的文件顯示,于闐國王被賦予了“hinajha”頭銜(意为“大元帥”),這是一個明顯的伊朗語的單詞,相當於梵文頭銜大元帥(senapati)[32]。據已故伊朗研究學者罗纳尔德·埃里希·艾默里克(德语:Ronald Erich Emmerick)教授[55](卒於2001年)稱,這與記錄中的國王統治時期而被推定為于闐國王kṣuṇa的事實“暗示著伊朗居民與王權之間已建立的關聯”[32]。他說,于闐在公元10世紀的用于闐塞迦語撰寫的皇家詔書“可證明于闐的統治者很可能是說伊朗語的人[32]。”此外,他詳細闡述了于闐的早期名稱:
^ 9.09.19.29.39.49.59.69.7Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H., The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West, London: Thames & Hudson, 2000
^Stein, Aurel M. 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols., p. 180. Clarendon Press. Oxford. [1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
^Stein, M. Aurel. Ancient Khotan. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1907.
^Jeong Su-il. Jade. The Silk Road Encyclopedia. Seoul Selection. 17 July 2016 [2019-12-31]. ISBN 9781624120763. (原始内容存档于2020-11-16).
^ 29.029.1Emmerick, R. E. Chapter 7: Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs. Ehsan Yarshater (编). The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Part 1. Cambridge University Press; Reissue edition. 14 April 1983: 263 [2019-12-31]. ISBN 978-0521200929. (原始内容存档于2020-12-06).
^Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 26, ISSN 2157-9687.
^For another thorough assessment, see W.W. Tarn (1966), The Greeks in Bactria and India, reprint edition, London & New York: Cambridge University Press, pp 109-111.
^Xavier Tremblay, "The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism Among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century," in The Spread of Buddhism, eds Ann Heirman and Stephan Peter Bumbacker, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, 2007, p. 77.
^Ronald E. Emmerick. Khotanese and Tumshuqese. Gernot Windfuhr (编). Iranian Languages. Routledge. : 377 [2019-12-31]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-06).
^C. Debaine-Francfort, A. Idriss. Keriya, mémoires d'un fleuve. Archéologie et civilations des oasis du Taklamakan. Electricite de France. 2001. ISBN 978-2868050946.
^Yu Taishan (June 2010), "The Earliest Tocharians in China" in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 13.
^Torday, Laszlo. (1997). Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History. Durham: The Durham Academic Press, pp 80-81, ISBN978-1-900838-03-0.
^Yü, Ying-shih. (1986). "Han Foreign Relations," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 377-462. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 377-388, 391, ISBN978-0-521-24327-8.
^Chang, Chun-shu. (2007). The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. – A.D. 157. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp 5-8 ISBN978-0-472-11534-1.
^Di Cosmo, Nicola. (2002). Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 174-189, 196-198, 241-242 ISBN978-0-521-77064-4.
^Kazuo Enoki (1998), "The So-called Sino-Kharoshthi Coins," in Rokuro Kono (ed.), Studia Asiatica: The Collected Papers in Western Languages of the Late Dr. Kazuo Enoki, Tokyo: Kyu-Shoin, pp. 396–97.
^Bailey, H.W. Khotanese Saka Literature. Ehsan Yarshater (编). The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Part 2 reprint. Cambridge University Press. 1996: 1231–1235 [2019-12-31]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-07).
^Hulsewé, A F P. China in central Asia : the early stage, 125 B.C.-A.D. 23 : an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of The history of the former Han dynasty. Leiden: Brill. 1979. ISBN 978-9004058842., p. 97.
^Mukerjee, Radhakamal. The flowering of Indian art: the growth and spread of a civilization. Asia Pub. House. 1964年.
^
Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H., The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West, London: Thames & Hudson, 2000年
^ 75.075.1Stein, Aurel M. 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols., p. 183. Clarendon Press. Oxford. [2] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
^Liu, Xinru. Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan. Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies. Journal of World History. 2001a, 12 (2): 261–292. JSTOR 20078910. doi:10.1353/jwh.2001.0034.
^ 103.0103.1Ehsan Yar-Shater, William Bayne Fisher, The Cambridge history of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods. Cambridge University Press, 1983, page 963.
^Legge, James. Trans. and ed. 1886. A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: being an account by the Chinese monk Fâ-hsien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399-414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline. Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. 1965, pp. 16-20.
^Stein, Aurel M. 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols., p. 180. Clarendon Press. Oxford. [3] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
^Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, pp 15-16, ISSN 2157-9687.
^Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 27, ISSN 2157-9687.
^Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 27 & footnote #46, ISSN 2157-9687.
^Livius.org. "Roxane (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)." Articles on Ancient History. Page last modified 17 August 2015. Retrieved on 8 September 2016.
^Strachan, Edward and Roy Bolton (2008), Russia and Europe in the Nineteenth Century, London: Sphinx Fine Art, p. 87, ISBN978-1-907200-02-1.
^For another publication calling her "Sogdian", see Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 4, ISSN 2157-9687.
^Holt, Frank L. (1989), Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia, Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, Cologne: E. J. Brill, pp 67–8, ISBN90-04-08612-9.
^Ahmed, S. Z. (2004), Chaghatai: the Fabulous Cities and People of the Silk Road, West Conshokoken: Infinity Publishing, p. 61.
^Magill, Frank N. et al. (1998), The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1, Pasadena, Chicago, London,: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Salem Press, p. 1010, ISBN0-89356-313-7.
^Lucas Christopoulos writes the following: "The kings (or soldiers) of the Sampul cemetery came from various origins, composing as they did a homogenous army made of Hellenized Persians, western Scythians, or Sacae Iranians from their mother’s side, just as were most of the second generation of Greeks colonists living in the Seleucid Empire. Most of the soldiers of Alexander the Great who stayed in Persia, India and central Asia had married local women, thus their leading generals were mostly Greeks from their father’s side or had Greco-Macedonian grandfathers. Antiochos had a Persian mother, and all the later Indo-Greeks or Greco-Bactrians were revered in the population as locals, as they used both Greek and Bactrian scripts on their coins and worshipped the local gods. The DNA testing of the Sampul cemetery shows that the occupants had paternal origins in the eastern part of the Mediterranean"; see Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 27 & footnote #46, ISSN 2157-9687.