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六卿

六卿，又称六官，在中国古代，泛指仅次于宰相、三公的高级大臣。始见于西周，不同文獻所指不同，基本上各代是沿襲周禮的記載而加以變化。

先秦

鄭康成注《尚書大傳》稱夏六卿者：「后稷、司徒、秩宗、司馬、作士、共工也」。鄭康成又稱秩宗，舜時官也。初堯冬官為共工，舜舉禹治水，改名司空以命之，後復為共工與虞。堯初天官為稷，至試舜謂之百揆，舜又命禹為之。[1]漢代人認為這是夏之六卿。

《禮記·曲禮》的六卿，據後世之註解，太宰爲一卿，以象天時，並顯明隸屬太宰之官（太宗、太史、太祝、太士[2][3]、太卜）。五卿法於地事，為司徒、司马、司空、司士、司寇。此五官，象地之五行。[4]漢代人認為這是殷商之六卿。

《周礼》的六卿是指冢宰、司徒、宗伯、司马、司寇、司空，它们分别有另外的称号是天官、地官、春官、夏官、秋官、冬官。漢代人認為這是西周之六卿。

隋唐

隋唐以降，以吏、户、礼、兵、刑、工六部尚书分当天、地、四时官，称六卿，唐高宗时，曾改吏、户、礼、兵、刑、工六部尚书为天官、地官、春官、夏官、秋官、冬官尚书。

参见

  1. ^ 胡渭《洪範正論》巻三
  2. ^ 王引之 《經義述聞·禮記上》：“今案《晏子春秋·諫篇》：‘吾為夫婦獄訟之不正乎，則泰士子牛 存矣；為社稷宗廟之不享乎，則泰祝子游存矣。’泰士、泰祝即大士、大祝也。大士正獄訟，蓋若《秋官·士師》察獄訟之辭矣。”
    《周禮·地官》:「……其附于刑者歸于士」
  3. ^ 張金鑑. 中國歷代獄訟制度之演進. 國立政治大學學報. 1969, 20: 1–37 [2024-01-10]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-10）. 上古法官，堯舜之世有士，主察獄訟，舜典曰：『帝曰皋陶蠻夷猾夏，寇賊姦宄。汝作士，五刑有服』。禮記月令曰：『命理瞻傷察創，視折審斷，決獄訟，必端平』，鄭康成注曰：『理治獄官也，有虞氏曰士，夏曰大理，周曰大司寇』。 
  4. ^ 《禮記正義》：「今此記所言，上非夏法，下異周典，鄭唯指爲殷禮也。然天官以下殷家六卿何者？大宰、司徒、司馬、司空、司士、司寇是也。但周立六卿，放天地四時，而殷六卿所法則有異也。殷以大宰爲一卿，以象天時，司徒以下五卿法於地事。故《鄭志》崇精問焦氏云：「鄭云三王同六卿，殷應六卿，此云五官何也？」焦氏答曰：「殷立天官與五行，其取象異耳。」是司徒以下法五行，并此大宰，即爲六官也。但大宰既尊，故先列大宰，並顯大宰之下隸屬大宰之官，既法於天，故同受大名。……嚮立六官以法天之六氣，此又置五官以象地之五行也。」

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