到1838年,托马斯·杰瑟普(Thomas Sydney Jesup)将军为了分裂黑人和塞米诺尔战士,答应在他们投降并同意迁移到印第安准州的条件下,给予黑人自由。在此条件下,John Horse也在投降的黑人战士之列。然而,由于塞米诺尔人的反抗,美国陆军并未完全将其承诺履行到底。1838年之后500多塞米诺尔黑人与塞米诺尔人一起,迁移到千里之外的印第安领地,位于现在的俄克拉荷马州;一些人乘船穿越墨西哥湾并上至密西西比河。由于条件恶劣,许多塞米诺尔黑人和塞米诺尔人死在佛罗里达至俄克拉荷马州的途中,这段路程也被称为“血泪之路”。
^Kashif, Annette. "Africanisms Upon the Land: A Study of African Influenced Placenames of the USA," In Places of Cultural Memory: African Reflections on the American Landscape, Washington, DC: National Park Service, 2001.
^Miller Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States 2: 344, Twyman, The Black Seminole Legacy and Northern American Politics, pp. 78–79.
^United States American State Papers: Foreign Affairs 4: 559–61, Army Navy Chronicle 2: 114–6, Mahon 65–66.
^Uzi Baram. (2012) Cosmopolitan Meanings of Old Spanish Fields: Historical Archaeology of a Maroon Community in Southwest Florida” Historical Archaeology 46(1):108-122
^Brown, Race Relations in Territorial Florida, 304; Rivers, Slavery in Florida, 203.
^Porter Black 97, 111–123, United States Attorney General Official Opinions 4: 720–29, Giddings Exiles of Florida 327–28, Foreman The Five Civilized Tribes 257, Littlefield Africans and Seminoles 122–25.
^Goggin, The Seminole Negroes of Andros Island, pp. 201–6, Mulroy, 26.
^Appendix: "Brigs Encomium and Enterprise" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Register of Debates in Congress, Gales & Seaton, 1837, p. 251-253. Note: In trying to retrieve American slaves off the Encomium from colonial officials (who freed them), the US consul in February 1834 was told by the Lieutenant Governor that "he was acting in regard to the slaves under an opinion of 1818 by Sir Christopher Robinson and Lord Gifford to the British Secretary of State."
McCall, George A. Letters From the Frontiers. Philadelphia: Lippincot & Co., 1868.
Miller, David Hunter, ed. Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America. 2 vols. Washington: GPO, 1931.
United States. Attorney-General. Official Opinions of the Attorneys General of the United States. Washington: United States, 1852–1870.
United States. Congress. American State Papers: Foreign Relations. Vol 4. Washington: Gales and Seaton, 1832–1860.
United States. Congress. American State Papers: Military Affairs. 7 vols. Washington: Gales and Seaton, 1832–1860.
次要来源
Akil II, Bakari. "Seminoles With African Ancestry: The Right To Heritage," The Black World Today, December 27, 2003.
Army and Navy Chronicle. 13 vols. Washington: B. Homans, 1835–1842.
Baram, Uzi. “Cosmopolitan Meanings of Old Spanish Fields: Historical Archaeology of a Maroon Community in Southwest Florida” Historical Archaeology 46(1):108-122. 2012
Baram, Uzi. "Many Histories by the Manatee Mineral Spring". Time Sifters Archaeological Society Newsletter March 2014.
Foreman, Grant. The Five Civilized Tribes. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1934.
Foster, Laurence. Negro-Indian Relations in the Southeast. PhD. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1935.
Giddings, Joshua R. The Exiles of Florida, or, crimes committed by our government against maroons, who fled from South Carolina and other slave states, seeking protection under Spanish laws. Columbus, Ohio: Follet, 1858.
Goggin, John M. "The Seminole Negroes of Andros Island, Bahamas." Florida Historical Quarterly 24 (July 1946): 201-6.
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Landers, Jane. Black Society in Spanish Florida. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
Littlefield, Daniel F., Jr. Africans and Seminoles. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977.
Mahon, John K. History of the Second Seminole War, 1835–1842. 1967. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1985.
Mulroy, Kevin. Freedom on the Border: The Seminole Maroons in Florida, the Indian Territory, Coahuila, and Texas. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 1993.
Mulroy, Kevin. The Seminole Freedmen: A History (Race and Culture in the American West), Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007.
Porter, Kenneth Wiggins. The Black Seminoles: History of a Freedom-Seeking People. Eds Thomas Senter and Alcione Amos. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1996.
Porter, Kenneth Wiggins. The Negro on the American Frontier. New York: Arno Press, 1971.
Rivers, Larry Eugene. Slavery in Florida. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000.
Schneider, Pamela S. It's Not Funny: Various Aspects of Black History Charlotte PA: Lemieux Press Publishers, 2005.
Sturtevant, William C. "Creek into Seminole." North American Indians in Historical Perspective. Eds Eleanor B. Leacock and Nancy O. Lurie. New York: Random House, 1971.
Twyman, Bruce Edward. The Black Seminole Legacy and Northern American Politics, 1693–1845. Washington: Howard University Press, 1999.
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扩展阅读
Hancock, Ian F. "A Provisional Comparison of the English-based Atlantic Creoles," Sierra Leone Language Review, 8 (1969), 7=72.
——— "Gullah and Barbadian: Origins and Relationships." American Speech, 55 (1) (1980), 17-35.
——— The Texas Seminoles and their Language, Austin: University of Texas African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, Series 2, No. 1, 1980.
Howard, Rosalyn A. Black Seminoles in the Bahamas, Gainesville: University of Florida, 2002
Opala, Joseph A. A Brief History of the Seminole Freedmen, Austin: University of Texas African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, Series 2, No. 3, 1980.
——— "Seminole-African Relations on the Florida Frontier," Papers in Anthropology (University of Oklahoma), 22 (1) (1981), 11-52.