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政治程序理論

美国宪制法律
概述
原则
政府架构
个人权利
理论

政治程序理論（英語：Political process theory）是美國法律學者約翰‧哈特‧伊利（英语：John Hart Ely）提倡的司法解釋理論，主張法官應專注於維護良好的民主程序，避免立法程序中的系統性偏見。[1]

定義

提倡政治程序理論的學者相信，憲法解釋的最佳方法是補強（reinforcement）代表性，也就是改善民主程序。他們認為，補強代表性的法官能在規範上扮演最佳的角色。[2]:101-104[3]這種司法方法早已隱含在制憲者對憲法的設計中。[2]:88-101[3]

伊利贊同程序理論的原則，並指出應該是美國聯邦最高法院在審查換脂牛乳（filled milk）產品規定合憲性的卡洛林產品一案多數意見註腳4中，首次闡述這個原則。[2][4][5]主筆大法官哈倫·史東在該處指出，一般狀況下對法律的合憲推定，在法律有以下情況時可能並不適用，甚至可能需要採取更嚴格的司法審查基準：

  1. 形式上落入《憲法》具體禁止的範圍，例如前十條修正案；落入第十四修正案範圍時，視為同樣地被具體禁止的範圍。
  2. 限制「一般預期會讓不受歡迎的立法被撤銷的政治程序」，或
  3. 涉及「對個別、孤立之少數群體的偏見……嚴重削弱通常賴以保護少數群體之政治程序的運作。」[4]

鑑於法官推翻民主多數所落入的抗多數決困境（英语：Counter-majoritarian difficulty），伊利認為，法官沒有必要介入爭議性規範辯論。反之，他主張法官應秉持補強代表性的中立原則，亦即法官應更積極地維護民主程序。史東大法官列舉的政治程序案例包含限制選舉權、限制資訊傳播、介入政治組織、禁止和平集會等。[6]伊利進一步主張，華倫法院的裁判先例和他們對人民權利的維護，大致上也符合註腳4所提到的原則。[1]

伊利在《民主與不信任》（Democracy and Distrust，1980年）一書闡述政治程序理論。[2]該書被廣泛認為是兩代人研究美國憲法最重要的學術著作，也是1978年至2000年間被引用次數最多的法學著作。[7][8]另外法律學者迈克尔·克拉曼（英语：Michael Klarman）也支持此理論。[1]

相關條目

參考資料

除另有註明外，所有參考資料均為英文。

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Klarman, Michael J. The Puzzling Resistance to Political Process Theory. Virginia Law Review. 1991-05, 77 (4): 747–832. JSTOR 1073297. doi:10.2307/1073297. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Ely, John Hart. Democracy and distrust: A theory of judicial review. Harvard University Press. 1980. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Strauss, David A. Common law constitutional interpretation. The University of Chicago Law Review. 1996, 63 (3): 877–935. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 United States v. Carolene Products Company, 304（英语：List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 304） U.S. 144 (1938)
  5. ^ Felix Gilman, The Famous Footnote Four: A History of the Carolene Products Footnote, 46 S. TEx. L. REv 163, 166-67 (2016)
  6. ^ Jane S. Schacter, Ely at the Altar: Political Process Theory Through the Lens of the Marriage Debate, 109 Mich. L. Rev. 1363 (200)
  7. ^ Liptak, Adam. John Hart Ely, a Constitutional Scholar, Is Dead at 64. The New York Times. 2003-10-27 [2020-05-26]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于2023-11-09）. 
  8. ^ Shapiro, Fred R. The Most-Cited Legal Scholars. The Journal of Legal Studies. 2000-01, 29 (S1): 409–426 [2024-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-31）. 

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