Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

氨綸

氨綸纖維

氨纶(英語:Spandex/Elastane),俗称莱卡(英語:Lycra),是一种弹力纤维,由美国杜邦公司于1958年发明[1][2][3][4][5]。其具有很强的弹性,伸展度可达600%,且能回复原样,比橡胶的强度更大、更透氣,也更耐磨[2]。当它第一次面世的时候,彻底改变了服装行业的许多领域。

氨纶用在一般衣服上的成分百分比较小。在北美,用在男性衣服上很少,用在女性衣服上较多。因为女性的衣服大多要求较贴身。

特性和用途

氨綸輕柔而且容易染色,密度為1.0至1.3克/立方厘米[6][7]。回彈力不及橡膠但較為耐用,彈力約為5-12cN/tex。本材料不太吸濕,吸濕量只有自重的1%。氨綸不容易起毛球,也不會積聚靜電。平日護理建議以40 ° C 或以下的水溫清洗氨綸紡織物,但必要時水溫可提高至60 ° C[7]。游泳池水等含游離的物質会使氨纶弹性及伸度下降[6][8]。添加氧化鋅氧化鎂氫氧化鎂酚類化合物微粒的氨綸纖維具備抗氯特性,常用於游泳衣[8]

由於氨綸優異的彈性和強度、抗皺和快乾的特性,氨綸被廣泛應用在不同的衣物上,尤其是貼身衣物。氨綸常見於運動服裝,例如專業型游泳衣、緊身褲、排球短褲、單車短褲、鐵人三項服裝、體操服、網球衣褲、某些皮帶、胸圍、絲襪襪褲芭蕾舞演員和其他舞者穿的衣物和舞帶;醫療上可用作保護骨骼系統的護墊、治療用的壓縮衣物及手術軟管。有些家具用品,例如微珠枕頭,面料也往往採用氨綸[2][9]

一般來說,氨綸用在衣物時會與聚酯混紡,以将光泽降低到最小程度,並只佔最終布料的一少部分。這些衣物大都保留了其他纖維的外觀與質感。據估算,在2010年北美洲出售的80%衣物都含有氨綸[9]。在中國,氨綸的消費量由2010年的約25萬噸倍增至2016年的50.1萬噸,複合年均增長率為12.4%[10]

也混合聚酰胺[11]

生產方法

氨綸纖維絲主要由四種方法製得:熔融擠出、反應紡絲、溶液干法紡絲和溶液濕紡。這些方法的共通點是單體發生化學反應,形成聚合物前體,前體再參與各種反應,然後拉成幼絲。

溶液干法紡絲是目前的主流製程,佔了全球94.5%的產能[12]。溶液干法紡絲可分為五個步驟[12]

  • 首先是在反應容器混合低聚二元醇二異氰酸酯單體以獲取聚合物前體。通常二元醇對異氰酸酯的比例為1:2。
  • 接著,聚合物前體和等量的二元胺發生鏈增長聚合。所得的溶液用溶劑二甲基乙酰胺稀釋並用作拉絲。溶劑稀釋可減低溶液的黏度,使泵浦溶液和拉絲的過程更為均勻受控。
  • 拉絲溶液被泵浦到圓柱形的紡紗單元,從單元表面金屬板細孔擠出,形成一束束液態狀的聚合物。在擠出的過程中,聚合物會遇熱和接觸到單元外充氮氣和溶劑氣體的環境,從而令聚合物發生化學反應並形成固體纖維絲。
  • 纖維絲隨即被互相纏繞成合適粗幼的紗線。每條紗線都是由無數條纖維絲互相粘合而成(此時氨綸的表面具有粘性,所以會自動粘合)。
  • 硬脂酸鎂或其他聚合物處理紗線表面,以防止紗線互相粘連影響後續紡織加工,並經由一系列的輥子繞到捲軸上。

韓國晓星是全球最大的氨綸生產商[13],而華峰氨綸則是按產能計中國最大、全球第二大的氨綸生產商[14]。氨綸的原研廠商英威达(2003年自杜邦分拆)至今仍是主要生產商之一。單體的成本佔氨綸的整體生產成本約百分之70,其餘主要為燃料成本及設備折舊[10]

健康影響

氨綸本身似乎不會導致過敏反應。這和乳膠不同,因為乳膠本身就是種致敏源。然而,生產氨綸過程中,很多試劑都帶有毒性和刺激性,尤其是甲苯二異氰酸酯和雙酚亞甲基-4,4-二異氰酸酯。殘留在氨綸紡織物的試劑可以引起過敏反應[15]。臨床報告指出,在罕見情況下,氨綸衣物能引發皮膚炎[16],但是不能排除是衣物上的乳膠部件(例如橡皮筋和緊縮帶)嫁禍。

此外,穿戴氨綸製成的內褲或者會增加尿道感染的風險[16]

圖片

相關條目

参考文献

  1. ^ 美國專利第3,023,192号, "Segmented copolyetherester elastomers" 1958-05-29申請,1962-02-27發出專利
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Flynn, Elizabeth and Patel, Sarah (2016) The Really Useful Primary Design and Technology Book: Subject Knowledge and Lesson Ideas New York: Routledge. p.86. ISBN 9781317402565
  3. ^ Teegarden, David M. (2004) Polymer Chemistry: Introduction to an Indispensable Science NSTA Press. p.149. ISBN 9780873552219
  4. ^ Editors of Time-Life (2016) TIME-LIFE American Inventions: Big Ideas That Changed Modern Life Time-Life Books. ISBN 9781683306313
  5. ^ Moskowitz, Sanford L. (2016) Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st Century Wiley. ISBN 9780470508923
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 華峰氨綸. 首页 > 产品和服务 > 使用注意事项. [2017-07-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-23) (中文(中国大陆)). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Kunal Singha: Analysis of Spandex/Cotton Elastomeric Properties: Spinning and Applications. In: International Journal of Composite Materials. 2012, 2(2), S. 11–16, doi:10.5923/j.cmaterials.20120202.03.
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 WO Patent 2011040755, "Spandex fiber with excellent chlorine resistance, and preparation method thereof"
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Marisa Penaloza. Spandex Stretches To Meet U.S. Waistlines. NPR. 2011-12-11 [2012-01-17]. (原始内容存档于2018-04-10). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 浙商证券. 华峰氨纶:供需改善利好氨纶龙头. [2017-07-04]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-21) (中文(中国大陆)). 
  11. ^ CN1394248A,田边阳辅 & 细田义则,「聚酰胺纤维与聚氨酯纤维的混合织物的精练方法、混合染色织物的制造方法以及混合染色织物」 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 "How spandex is made"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) from How Products Are Made
  13. ^ The Textile Magazine. Hyosung expands creora spandex production in China and Vietnam. 2015-07-09 [2017-07-04]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-22) (英语). 
  14. ^ 华安证券. 华峰氨纶深度报告:氨纶价格大幅上涨 氨纶龙头企业迎来量价齐升. 2017-06-02 [2017-07-04]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-22) (中文(中国大陆)). 
  15. ^ What is Spandex Allergy?. 2010-06-09 [2015-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2015-01-04) (英语). 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 What are the pros and cons of spandex underware?. [2017-07-04]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-15) (英语). 

外部連結

Read other articles:

زيت نباتي زيت الزيتون الأنواع زيت نباتي (قائمة الزيوت النباتية) Macerated oil (list) الإستخدامات زيت جفوف - طلاء زيتي زيت الطعام الوقود - ديزل حيوي حمض دهني دهون مشبعة دهون أحادية غير مشبعة أحماض دهنية متعددة غير مشبعة دهن تقابلي الزيوت النباتية هي الدهون الثلاثية المستخرجة من النبات

Public museum, aquarium and art gallery in Bolton, Greater Manchester, England Bolton MuseumBolton Museum, Le Mans Crescent, Bolton.Established1852; 171 years ago (1852)LocationBolton Central Library and Museum, Le Mans Crescent, Bolton, BL1 1SE United KingdomVisitors275,000 (2018)[1]Public transit accessBolton Interchange Websitehttps://www.boltonlams.co.uk/museum Bolton Museum is a public museum, aquarium and art gallery in the town of Bolton, England, owned by Bolton…

OGLE-2007-BLG-368Lb DescubrimientoDescubridor Sumi et al. en Mount John UniversityObservatory,Fecha 8 de diciembre de 2009Método de detección microlente gravitacionalCategoría planeta extrasolarEstado PublicadoEstrella madreOrbita a OGLE-2007-BLG-368LConstelación ScorpiusAscensión recta (α) 17 h 56 m 25.96 sDeclinación (δ) –32°14′14.7″Distancia estelar 19230 años luz, (5900 pc)Tipo espectral K5V?Características físicasMasa 0.0694 MJúpiter22.1…

American basketball player (born 2004) Anthony BlackBlack with Arkansas in 2023No. 0 – Orlando MagicPositionPoint guard / shooting guardLeagueNBAPersonal informationBorn (2004-01-20) January 20, 2004 (age 19)Las Colinas, Texas, U.S.Listed height6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)Listed weight200 lb (91 kg)Career informationHigh school Coppell(Coppell, Texas) Duncanville(Duncanville, Texas) CollegeArkansas (2022–2023)NBA draft2023: 1st round, 6th overall pickSelected by t…

Vicente Martín y Soler Vicente Martín y Soler (Valencia, 2 mei 1754 - Sint-Petersburg, 11 februari 1806) was een Spaans componist. Zijn achternaam bestaat, als gebruikelijk in veel Spaanstalige landen, uit de achternaam van zijn vader en die van zijn moeder. Hij componeerde meer dan 30 opera's (waarvan er 21 bewaard zijn gebleven) en balletmuziek, waarvan vele hits waren in zijn tijd. Hoewel hij tegenwoordig nauwelijks nog bekend is, was hij in zijn tijd niet minder beroemd dan zijn tijdgenoot…

Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz Студійний альбомВиконавець Майлі СайрусДата випуску 30 серпня 2015Записаний 2014-2015Жанр ЕксперименталПсиходелікаПсиходелічний попПсиходелічний рокТривалість 92:06Мова англійськаЛейбл Smiley Miley Inc.RCA RecordsПродюсер Майлі СайрусХронологія Майлі Сайрус Попередні

Extreme or radical form of Islam Not to be confused with Islamic fundamentalism or Jihadism. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (August 2016) The examples and perspective in this article…

Species of virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus Virus classification (unranked): Virus Realm: Riboviria Kingdom: Orthornavirae Phylum: Kitrinoviricota Class: Alsuviricetes Order: Martellivirales Family: Togaviridae Genus: Alphavirus Species: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus Medical conditionVenezuelan equine encephalitis virusSpecialtyInfectious disease Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that causes Venezuelan equine encephalitis or encephalomyeliti…

Bryaceae Bryum elegans Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae Divisi: Bryophyta Kelas: Bryopsida Subkelas: Bryidae Ordo: Bryales Famili: Bryaceae Genus lihat teks Bryaceae adalah familia lumut daun. Genus dari familia ini diantaranya:[1] Acidodontium Anomobryum Brachymenium Bryum Leptostomopsis (dulunya Bryum) Mniobryoides Osculatia Perssonia Plagiobryum Ptychostomum (dulunya Bryum) Rhodobryum Roellia Rosulabryum Referensi ^ Buck, William R. & Bernard Goffinet. 2000. Morphology and cla…

Galaksi Kincir AnginData pengamatan (J2000 epos)Rasi bintangUrsa MajorAsensio rekta 14j 03m 12.6dDeklinasi +54° 20′ 57″Pergeseran merah0.000804Kecepatan radial helio241 ± 2 km/sJarak20.9 ± 1.8 Mtc (6.4 ± 0.5 Mpc)Magnitudo semu (V)7.86Ciri-ciriJenisSAB(rs)cdUkuran semu (V)28′.8 × 26′.9Penamaan lainMessier 101, M101, NGC 5457, UGC 8981, PGC 50063, Arp 26Rujukan: [1][2][3][4][5][6] Galaksi Kincir An…

Chemical group (–C(=O)C₆H₅) Not to be confused with Benzyl group. The benzoyl functional group. In organic chemistry, benzoyl (/ˈbɛnzoʊɪl/, BENZ-oh-il)[1] is the functional group with the formula −COC6H5 and structure −C(=O)−C6H5.[2][3] It can be viewed as benzaldehyde missing one hydrogen. The benzoyl group has a mass of 105 amu. The term benzoyl should not be confused with benzyl, which has the formula −CH2−C6H5. The benzoyl group is given the symbol…

Umbrella term used for several related but distinct sets of Christian teachings For the church sometimes known as the Nestorian Church, see Church of the East. Nestorian redirects here. For other uses, see Nestorian (disambiguation). Part of a series onChristology Concepts Christ (Messiah)Kyrios Son of GodGod the Son LogosIncarnationPre-existence Active obedience Communicatio idiomatum Consubstantiality ExaltationHumiliation God-manHomoiōma Hypostatic unionPersonProsopon ImitationIntercession K…

La cerveza es considerada en algunas culturas como bebida social. Su expansión mundial a comienzos del siglo XX d. C. es un ejemplo de alimento industrializado. Café-Concert (1878). Óleo de Édouard Manet (Walters Art Museum, Baltimore). El pan y la cerveza eran considerados alimentos básicos en las dietas de algunas culturas. Bier und Rettich (1898). Óleo de Albert Anker (Kunstmuseum Bern). La evolución de la cerveza desde la antigüedad se debe a los grandes avances en la …

Stadion Mitar Mićo GolišLocationPetrovac, MontenegroOwnerMunicipality BudvaCapacity1,630 (all-seated)SurfaceGrassConstructionOpened1969Renovated2013[1]TenantsOFK Petrovac, Montenegro women's national football team Stadion Mitar Mićo Goliš, formerly known as Stadion pod Malim brdom, is a football stadium in Petrovac, Montenegro. The stadium has a capacity of 1,630 seats and, from 2013, it is eligible for the UEFA international matches. History Stadium pod Malim brdom was built in 1969…

João Batista de AndradeJoão Batista de Andrade pada 2015 di Monumen Amerika Latin, São Paulo, Brasil.Menteri Budaya (pelaksana tugas)Masa jabatan22 Mei 2017 – 16 Juni 2017PresidenMichel TemerPendahuluRoberto FreirePenggantiLowong Informasi pribadiLahir14 Desember 1939 (umur 83)Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, BrasilPartai politikPPSPekerjaanSutradara, penulis naskahSunting kotak info • L • B João Batista de Andrade (lahir 14 Desember 1939) adalah seorang sutradara dan p…

Calcium channel blocker medication Vertix redirects here. Not to be confused with Vertex. FlunarizineClinical dataTrade namesSibelium, othersOther names1-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-4-cinnamyl-piperazineAHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer InformationPregnancycategory C Routes ofadministrationBy mouthATC codeN07CA03 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status In general: ℞ (Prescription only) Pharmacokinetic dataProtein binding>99%MetabolismMainly CYP2D6Metabolites≥15Eliminat…

Norwegian botanist Johannes M. NormanJohannes Musæus NormanBorn(1823-10-26)26 October 1823Asker, NorwayDied15 January 1903(1903-01-15) (aged 79)Christiania, NorwayNationalityNorwegianCitizenship NorwayKnown forBotanical studiesAwardsGovernment scholarScientific careerFieldsBotany Johannes Musæus Norman (1823–1903) was a Norwegian botanist, trained as a doctor.[1] Norman was the son of a priest, took artium in 1840 and graduated in medicine in 1847. After a short time a…

Wapen van Almkerk Het wapen van Almkerk werd op 16 juli 1817 door de Hoge Raad van Adel aan de Noord-Brabantse gemeente Almkerk bevestigd. In 1879 werd de gemeente uitgebreid met grondgebied van de gemeente Emmikhoven. In 1904 kreeg de gemeente het wapen opnieuw toegekend door de Hoge Raad van Adel. De gemeente gebruikte het wapen tot 1973, dat jaar ging de gemeente op in de gemeenten Dussen, Werkendam en Woudrichem. Blazoenering De gemeente ontving op 16 juli 1817 de tekening van het wapen waar…

1932–1945 ground force Manchukuo Imperial Army滿洲國軍Mǎnzhōuguó jūnWar flag of ManchukuoActive1932–1945Country ManchukuoAllegiance Emperor of Manchukuo (de jure) Empire of Japan (de facto)TypeArmySize111,000 (1933)170,000–220,000 (1945)EngagementsSecond Sino-Japanese War Pacification of Manchukuo Operation Nekka Battle of Rehe Soviet-Japanese Border Wars Battle of Lake Khasan Battle of Khalkhin Gol World War II Soviet-Japanese War Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation…

Bay in Russia Lazurnaya Bay Lazurnaya Bay (Russian: бухта Лазурная) is a bay on the east side of the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula in Russia. It lies to the northeast of Vladivostok and to the southwest from the Three Little Pigs Bay. The Lazurnaya Bay forms part of the Ussuri Bay in the Sea of Japan. The toponym was coined in the 1970s and translates from Russian as the Azure Bay. The older, traditional name is Shamora (Russian: Шамора) which supposedly translates from Chinese a…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya