《活死人之夜》(英語:Night of the Living Dead)是1968年由喬治·安德魯·羅梅羅所執導一部屬於黑白恐怖殭屍片的獨立電影。在先前劇本草稿題目命名為《魔鬼掠動》(Monster Flick),但製作期間則以《阿努比斯之夜》與《食肉者之夜》(Night of the Flesh Eaters)的名稱更為人熟知[1]。本片分別由杜安·瓊斯(英语:Duane Jones)與朱迪斯·奧迪(英语:Judith O'Dea)演出「本」(Ben)與「芭芭拉」(Barbra)兩位主角。電影主要情節是關於神秘的殭屍復活,以及班、芭芭拉與其他五個人被困在賓州一處農莊時,努力求生的過程。
導演雷美奧以11萬4千美金的低成本製作本片,但十多年後本片於戲院重新上映時,卻獲得全美約1200萬美金的票房收入,全球票房估計約有3000萬美金[2][3]。《活死人之夜》在當時因其過於寫實的內容而受到強烈批評,但是過了三十年後美國國會圖書館以「具歷史、文化意義或充滿美學的重要性」之理由,將本片和其他電影一同列入美國國家電影名冊(National Film Registry)[4]。
如此低成本的預算多半只能用在後製的部分,根據哈得曼的說法:「我們知道自己無法募得足夠資金,來拍攝我們醞釀成形的經典恐怖片。因此最好的處理方式就是把演員們放在可控制的位置上,然後把那些恐怖的事物帶到這些點上。」[7]電影在賓州埃文斯城(英语:Evans City, Pennsylvania)近郊拍攝,此地是距離匹茲堡北方約三十哩,一處位於巴特勒县的農村地帶。開場的連續鏡頭是在當地富蘭克林路上的伊凡市公墓拍攝的,位置是這座城市的南邊。室內場景(樓上的部分)是在市中心一處空屋內拍攝(此處稍後成為當地知名的內科醫生的辦公室。這房子至今仍矗立在南華盛頓街,在當地則稱為馬爾斯-伊凡市路),這條街亦貫穿南傑克森與菲朋(Van Buren)這兩條街道。戶外與地下室的場景是則是在伊凡市的東北方拍攝,此處靠近一座公園。(但這戶房屋已被拆除)[9][10]
電影拍攝期間為1967年6月到12月,當時片名是《阿努比斯之夜》(Night of Anubis),在稍後曾改為《嗜肉者之夜》(Night of the Flesh Eaters)。[3][12]因為預算太少,使得雷美奧得採用35釐米的黑白底片來拍攝。但是正是因為這個決定,使得本片在殺青後仍能維持收支平衡。身為電影歷史專家的約瑟夫·麥德瑞(英语:Joseph Maddrey)形容本片是:「游擊式的拍攝方式。」且類似「戰爭時也毫不畏縮的新聞報導。」麥德瑞也加註說明:「和實驗電影相比,本片更像是部紀錄失去穩定狀態社會的紀錄片。」 [13]
以恐怖喜劇為目標,約翰·羅素與喬治·安德魯·羅梅羅以《野獸電影》為名共同編寫本劇。早期劇本草稿是關於英勇的外星人青少年拜訪地球,並且與人類青少年變成朋友的內容。第二版的劇本則是描寫一個逃家的年輕男子,在草地上發現了被外星人當成食物、四散且正在腐爛中的人類屍體。在最終的草稿中,主要是由雷美奧在1967年花了三天時間所寫成的版本。故事主軸則是集中在復活的人類屍體上,雷美奧說這些屍體是食屍鬼(ghouls),這些怪物會大肆的食用人類肉體藉以生存。[16]在1997年雷美奧接受BBC的節目《Forbidden Weekend》訪問時,雷美奧解釋說本片劇本會發展成三段短篇故事。第一部份成為《活死人之夜》,續篇則是1978年的影片《活人生吃》(Dawn of the Dead)。1985年的《生人末日》(Day of the Dead)則是取材自前兩個主要影片的片段。[17]
演出男主角班的演員杜安·瓊斯原是默默無聞的非裔美國人舞台劇演員,根據當時某位影評人的說法,他所詮釋的班是個「相對來說冷靜又機智的黑人」。[22]讓杜安演出這個角色其實潛藏了許多爭議,因為在二十世紀中讓黑人演出白人電影的主角是不尋常的事。在許多評論家認為雷美奧做這個決定其實是有特殊意義的同時,另一方面雷美奧卻表示啟用杜安:「純粹是因為他在試鏡時表現最好。」 [23]杜安在演出《活死人之夜》之後到1988年過世的期間,他也參與演出了1973年的《Ganja and Hess》、1986年的《吸血鬼》(Vampires)、1988年的《Negatives》與1989年的《To Die For》。[24]儘管演出過其他電影角色,但杜安 仍擔心人們只將他視為班。[25]
《活死人之夜》是喬治·安德魯·羅梅羅執導的首部長篇電影。他的處女作是匹茲堡公營廣播公司WQED的兒童短篇系列《羅傑斯先生的鄰居們》(Mister Rogers' Neighborhood)。[15][32]雷美奧決定執導《活死人之夜》,實質上也為他開啟了成為恐怖片導演的事業契機。他接著擔任數部影片的執導工作,像《Season of the Witch》、1973年的《瘋人》(The Crazies)、1977年的《馬丁》(Martin)、1982年的《鬼作秀》(Creepshow)與1993年的《人鬼雙胞胎》(The Dark Half )。[33]
影評人意識到1950年代的恐怖片及科幻小說電影對雷美奧電影風格的影響,比方說史蒂芬·保羅·米勒(Stephen Paul Miller)就說:「一位復興1950年代低俗風格的領導者……片中的將軍在軍方電視台的討論,呼應了1950年代恐怖電影中軍隊一成不變的模樣。」然而米勒也承認,《活死人之夜》透過將軍浮誇的舉動、政府找尋殭屍擴散主因與保護人民這幾方面都很無能的嘲諷手法,帶來了極大的樂趣。[36]
以嘲諷手法模仿拍攝《活死人之夜》的電影有:1990年的《活麵包之夜》(Night of the Living Bread)與《活人甡吃》。另外也有1992年辛普森一家的《恐怖樹屋III》(Treehouse of Horror )與1997年南方四賤客製作的《粉紅眼》(Pink Eye)及2007年《活流浪漢之夜》(Night of the Living Homeless)。[63][64][65]「殭屍(zombie)」 這個字眼在電影中雖從未被使用,但雷美奧卻在電影中明白的介紹了喪屍復活、食肉相殘的這個主題。[41][66]
《活死人之夜》開創了血腥恐怖電影(slasher film)與超級暴力影片另一種表現手法。一位電影史學專家就指出,雷美奧將橡膠面具、化妝、紙板與影子等神秘形體運用在電影中的創意,有著首開先河的殊榮。[67]雷美奧也揭露了,場景設立在農村與美國郊區的用意,是因為將恐怖情節設定在日常生活與並不特別的地點,反而更能展現剝削電影(exploitation film)背後存在的力量。本片提供了一個以「超低成本」仍能創作出「有效且有利可圖」的電影典範。[5]在1980年代的暴力血腥電影,像1978年約翰‧卡本特(John Carpenter)的《月光光心慌慌》、1980年西恩‧S‧康寧漢姆(Sean S. Cunningham)的《十三號星期五 (電影)》與1984年韋斯‧克雷文(Wes Craven)的《半夜鬼上床》(A Nightmare on Elm Street,也稱為《猛鬼街》),都借用了許多《活死人之夜》原創的手法。[68]
本片編劇之一的約翰·羅素在1999年發行了名為《活死人之夜:30週年紀念版》的修訂版本。[72]他拍攝了附加的場景,並重新錄製了由史考特·弗拉迪米爾·里希納(Scott Vladimir Licina)譜曲的原聲帶。在一次接受《Fangoria》雜誌的訪談中,羅素解釋說他想要:「使本片有更為現代化的進步。」羅素擁有原劇本的使用權,他介紹了原著中缺少的其他具教化意義的特色。這些附加的部分原本未被明白闡述,也沒有被列入其中。雖然娛樂週刊報導指出羅素與雷美奧之間並無嫌隙,然而也引述了雷美奧的話:「我並不想再碰《活死人之夜》。」[73]影評嚴厲抨擊了重新修訂的電影,美國專業點影網站「Ain't It Cool News」的知名人物哈利·紐魯斯(Harry Knowles)承諾,將永遠禁止任何他旗下的人給予本片正面評價。[74]
另一邊廂,《活死人之夜》編劇之一約翰羅素於《活死人之日》(Day of the Dead)首映的同一年,推出了一部名為《活死人歸來》(港譯:《嘩鬼翻生》、台譯:《芝加哥打鬼》)(Return of The Living Dead)的電影,作為《活死人之夜》的續集。《芝加哥打鬼》系列總共衍生出五部電影,但無一部為羅素執導。
《活死人歸來》引起一場羅素與雷美奧之間的法律糾紛,雷美奧相信羅素間接的與《活死人之日》競爭,以原創電影的續集身份來行銷電影。在1978年的「Dawn Associates v. Links」(指《活死人黎明》系列及有關系列的作品)的判決中,雷美奧指控羅素使用了「和先前作品相同的名稱」,並剽竊了《活死人黎明》的廣告宣傳口號:「當地獄已經沒有空位時……死人將會遊走在地球上。」,同時指出羅素抄襲了1968年原版電影的劇照。雷美奧最後發出了禁制令,以迫使羅素終止他的廣告宣傳活動,不過也同意羅素可保留電影名稱。[83]
除此之外,羅素又自行推出了《活死人之夜30週年紀念版》,其後又執導拍攝了《活死人之子》(Children of the Living Dead)作為《活死人之夜》的另一續集。作品列表如下:
《活死人歸來》系列
《活死人歸來》The Return of the Living Dead (1985);港譯:《嘩鬼翻生》;臺譯:《芝加哥打鬼》
《活死人歸來2》Return of the Living Dead Part II (1988);港譯:《嘩鬼要翻生》;臺譯:《芝加哥打鬼2》
《活死人歸來3》Return of the Living Dead 3 (1993) ;港譯:《魔靈翻生》;臺譯:《芝加哥打鬼3》或《生人迴避》
《活死人歸來4》Return of the Living Dead: Necropolis (2005)
《活死人歸來5》Return of the Living Dead: Rave from the Grave (2005)
另一系列
《活死人之夜30週年紀念版》Night of the Living Dead 30th Anniversary Edition (1998)
《活死人之子》Children of the Living Dead (2001) ;港無譯名;臺譯:《殭屍小孩國》
参考资料
^Scrapbook, Special Features, Night of the Living Dead, Millennium Edition (DVD, Elite Entertainment, 2002)
^ 8.08.18.2George A. Romero, Preface to John Russo, The Complete Night of the Living Dead Filmbook (Pittsburgh: Imagine, Inc., 1985), pp. 6–7, ISBN 0-911137-03-3 .
^Alan Jones, however, mistakenly cites the Allegheny Cemetery on Butler Street in Pittsburgh as the filming location. Alan Jones, The Rough Guide to Horror Movies (New York: Rough Guides, 2005), p. 118, ISBN 1-84353-521-1 .
^Joseph Maddrey, Nightmares in Red, White and Blue: The Evolution of the American Horror Film (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2004), p. 51, ISBN 0-7864-1860-5 .
^Jason Paul Collum, Assault of the Killer B's: Interviews with 20 Cult Film Actresses (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2004), p. 4, ISBN 0-7864-1818-4 .
^John A. Russo, The Complete Night of the Living Dead Filmbook (Pittsburgh: Imagine, Inc., 1985), ISBN 0-911137-03-3 , quoted in "Treatment/Original Script," Bonus Materials, Night of the Living Dead, Millennium Edition (DVD, Elite Entertainment, 2002), ASIN B00005Y6Y2 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
^Richard Matheson, I Am Legend (1954; New York: Orb Books, 1995), ISBN 0-312-86504-X .
^Marco Lanzagorta, review of Night of the Living Dead, Millennium Edition DVD, at Pop Matters (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆); last accessed June 24 2006.
^Richard Matheson interview, in Tom Weaver, Return of the B Science Fiction and Horror Movie Makers: The Mutant Melding of Two Volumes of Classic Interviews (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1999), p. 307, ISBN 0-7864-0755-7 .
^ 21.021.121.2Judith O'Dea interview, in Collum, Assault of the Killer B's, p. 4.
^Kevin Thomas, review of Night of the Living Dead, Los Angeles Times, January 10, 1969, reprinted in The A-List: The National Society of Film Critics' 100 Essential Films, ed. Jay Carr (Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press, 2002), p. 199, ISBN 0-306-81096-4 .
^George A. Romero, quoted in Jones, Rough Guide to Horror Movies, p. 118.
^Sumiko Higashi, "Night of the Living Dead: A Horror Film about the Horrors of the Vietnam Era," in From Hanoi to Hollywood: The Vietnam War in American Film, ed. Linda Dittmar and Gene Michaud (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990), p. 182, ISBN 0-8135-1587-4 .
^Stephen Paul Miller, The Seventies Now: Culture as Surveillance (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1999), p. 81, ISBN 0-8223-2166-1 .
^George A. Romero, quoted in Royer, The Spectacle Of Isolation, p. 15.
^Carl Royer, The Spectacle Of Isolation In Horror Films: Dark Parades Binghamton, N.Y.: Haworth Press, 2005), p. 15, ISBN 0-7890-2264-8 .
^R. H. W. Dillard, "Night of the Living Dead: It's Not Like Just a Wind That's Passing Through," in American Horrors: Essays on the Modern American Horror Film, ed. Gregory A. Waller (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), p. 15, ISBN 0-252-01448-0 .
^Robin Wood, "An Introduction to the American Horror Film," in Movies and Methods, Vol. II, ed. Bill Nichols (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985), p. 213, ISBN 0-520-05409-1 .
^ 41.041.1Collum, Assault of the Killer B's, p. 3.
^ 43.043.143.2Roger Ebert, review of Night of the Living Dead, Chicago Sun-Times, January 5, 196[9], at RogerEbert.com (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆); last accessed June 24 2006.
^ 44.044.1Higashi, "Night of the Living Dead," p. 175.
^Paul McCullough, "A Pittsburgh Horror Story," Take One 4 (No. 6, July-August 1973), p. 8.
^Wall Street Journal (New York), quoted in Dillard, "Night of the Living Dead", p. 15.
^"Librarian of Congress Names 25 More Films to National Film Registry," November 16, 1999, at Library of Congress (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆); last accessed June 24 2006.
^ 54.054.154.2Elliot Stein, "The Dead Zones: 'George A. Romero' at the American Museum of the Moving Image," The Village Voice (New York), 8–14 January, 2003, available here (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆); last accessed June 24 2006.
^ 59.059.1Barry Keith Grant, "Taking Back the Night of the Living Dead: George Romero, Feminism and the Horror Film," in The Dread of Difference: Gender and the Horror Film, ed. Barry K. Grant (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996), ISBN 0-292-72794-1 .
^Gregory A. Waller, Introduction to American Horrors, p. 4.
^Linda Badley, Film, Horror, and the Body Fantastic (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1995), p. 25, ISBN 0-313-27523-8 .
^"Pink Eye," episode 107, South Park, October 29, 1997, on South Park: The Complete First Season (DVD, Warner Bros., 2002)
^Andrew Tudor, Monsters and Mad Scientists: A Cultural History of the Horror Movie (Oxford, Eng.: Blackwell Publishing, 1989), p. 101, ISBN 0-631-16992-X .
^United States Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Technology and the Law, Legal Issues that Arise when Color is Added to Films Originally Produced, Sold and Distributed in Black and White (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1988), p. 83.
^Patrick J. Flinn, Handbook of Intellectual Property Claims and Remedies: 2004 Supplement (New York: Aspen Publishers, 1999), pp. 24–25, ISBN 0-7355-1125-X .
延伸閱讀
Becker, Matt. "A Point of Little Hope: Hippie Horror Films and the Politics of Ambivalence." The Velvet Light Trap (No. 57, Spring 2006): pp. 42–59.
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Heffernan, Kevin. "Inner-City Exhibition and the Genre Film: Distributing Night of the Living Dead (1968)." Cinema Journal 41 (No. 3, Spring 2002): pp. 59–77.
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Pinedo, Isabel Cristina. Recreational Terror: Women and the Pleasures of Horror Film Viewing. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997. ISBN 0-7914-3441-9 .
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Young, Lola. Fear of the Dark: 'Race', Gender and Sexuality in the Cinema. London: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-09709-6 .
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Weapon used by Poseidon/Neptune Poseidon with his trident, Corinthian plaque, 550–525 BC The trident of Poseidon and his Roman equivalent, Neptune, has been their traditional divine attribute in many ancient depictions. Poseidon's trident was crafted by the Cyclopes. Myths Coin of Poseidonia, c. 530–500 BC. Poseidon is seen wielding a trident with a chlamys draped over his arms. In Greek mythology, Poseidon's trident was forged by the cyclopes according to Pseudo-Apollodorus's Bibliotheke...
Can't Be Tamed Студійний альбомВиконавець Майлі СайрусДата випуску 18 червня 2010Записаний 2009-2010Жанр Денс-попТривалість 44:15Мова англійськаЛейбл Hollywood RecordsПродюсер John ShanksdХронологія Майлі Сайрус Попередній Breakout(2008) Bangerz(2013) Наступний Сингли з Can't Be Tamed «Can't Be Tamed»Випущений: 18 травня ...
Ini adalah nama Batak Angkola, marganya adalah Siregar Dongoran. Rasyid Assaf DongoranWakil Bupati Tapanuli Selatan ke-4PetahanaMulai menjabat 26 Februari 2021PresidenJoko WidodoGubernurEdy RahmayadiBupatiDolly Putra Parlindungan PasaribuPendahuluAswin Efendi Siregar Informasi pribadiLahir6 Februari 1976 (umur 47)Binjai, Sumatera UtaraKebangsaanIndonesiaPartai politik GolkarSuami/istriDr. dr. Sri Rezeki Arbaningsih, Sp.P(K), FCCP.Orang tuaAslin Dongoran, S.H. (ayah)Alm...
Painting by Sandro Botticelli Virgin and Child with Two AngelsMadonna and Child with Two AngelsArtistSandro BotticelliYearc. 1468–1469MediumTempera on panelDimensions100 cm × 71 cm (39 in × 28 in)LocationMuseo Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples The Virgin and Child with Two Angels is a painting by the Italian Renaissance master Sandro Botticelli, dating to c. 1468–1469. It is in the Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte, in Naples.[1]...
Definisi tradisional Timur Tengah Definisi Timur Tengah versi G8 Wilayah yang kadang dikaitkan dengan Timur Tengah (hubungan sosial-politik) Timur Tengah Raya adalah istilah politik yang dicetuskan oleh pemerintahan Bush kedua pada dasawarsa pertama abad ke-21[1] untuk menyebut beberapa negara yang berkaitan dengan dunia Muslim, tepatnya Iran, Turki, Afghanistan, dan Pakistan.[2] Beberapa negara di Kaukasus Selatan dan Asia Tengah kadang dis...
20th century passenger and freight vessel History Name1903-1912:SS Humber Operator 1903-1905:Goole Steam Shipping Company 1906-1912:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Port of registry BuilderA MacMillan and Company, Dumbarton Yard number391 Launched26 August 1903 FateSunk 12 February 1912 General characteristics Tonnage1,023 gross register tons (GRT) Length240 feet (73 m) Beam33 feet (10 m) Draught15.7 feet (4.8 m) SS Humber was a passenger and freight vessel built for ...
Reclining posture in hatha yoga Makarāsana, Crocodile posture, used for relaxation Makarasana (Sanskrit: मकरासन) or Crocodile pose is a reclining asana in hatha yoga and modern yoga as exercise.[1] Etymology and origins The name comes from the Sanskrit मकर makara meaning crocodile or monster,[2] and आसन āsana meaning posture or seat.[3] Makarasana is described in the 17th-century Gheraṇḍa Saṁhitā (Chapter 2, Verse 40). It is described a...
American inventor and radio manufacturer (1873–1949) Arthur Atwater Kent Sr.Kent in 1925Born(1873-12-03)December 3, 1873Burlington, VermontDiedMarch 4, 1949(1949-03-04) (aged 75)Hollywood, CaliforniaEducationWorcester Polytechnic InstituteSpouseMabel (1883-1971) Arthur Atwater Kent Sr. (December 3, 1873 – March 4, 1949) was an American inventor and prominent radio manufacturer based in Philadelphia. In 1921, he patented the modern form of the automobile ignition coil.[1] ...
German hair care company This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Wella – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) WellaTypeSubsidiary IndustryConsumer goodsFounded1880; 143 years ago (1880)FoundersFranz Ströhe...
National highway in India National Highway 348Map of National Highway 348 in redRoute informationAuxiliary route of NH 48Length28 km (17 mi)Major junctionsEast endPalaspeWest endJawaharlal Nehru Port LocationCountryIndiaStatesMaharashtra Highway system Roads in India Expressways National State Asian ← NH 48→ NH 348 National Highway 348, commonly called JNPT Road or NH348, previously knows as NH-4B is a 6 lane access controlled expressway in India. It is an upgrada...
1967 Doctor Who serial039 – The Ice WarriorsDoctor Who serialCastDoctor Patrick Troughton – Second Doctor Companions Frazer Hines – Jamie McCrimmon Deborah Watling – Victoria Waterfield Others Peter Barkworth – Clent Peter Sallis – Penley Wendy Gifford – Miss Garrett Angus Lennie – Storr Peter Diamond – Davis George Waring – Arden Malcolm Taylor – Walters Roy Skelton – Voice of the Computer Bernard Bresslaw – Varga Roger Jones – Zondal Sonny Caldinez – Tu...
1992 soundtrack album by Dolly PartonStraight TalkSoundtrack album by Dolly PartonReleasedMarch 31, 1992Recordedc. December 1991GenreCountry, PopLength40:49LabelHollywoodDolly Parton chronology Eagle When She Flies(1991) Straight Talk(1992) Slow Dancing with the Moon(1993) Singles from Straight Talk Straight TalkReleased: March 16, 1992 Light of a Clear Blue MorningReleased: June 1, 1992 BurningReleased: October 12, 1992 Straight Talk is the soundtrack to the 1992 film of the same nam...
2015 book by Peter Schweizer Clinton Cash:The Untold Story of How and Why Foreign Governments and Businesses Helped Make Bill and Hillary Rich AuthorPeter SchweizerAudio read byWalter DixonLanguageEnglishSubjectPolitical science/American governmentPublisherHarper, Broadside BooksPublication dateMay 5, 2015Pages256ISBN978-0-06-236928-4OCLC906020748Preceded byExtortion: How Politicians Extract Your Money Websitewww.clintoncashbook.com Clinton Cash: The Untold Story of How an...
Koprolit Lloyds BankKoprolit Lloyds Bank di Jorvik Viking CentreMaterialKotoran manusia[1]DibuatAbad ke-9 MDitemukan1972, Coppergate, YorkLokasi saat iniJORVIK Viking Centre Koprolit Lloyds Bank adalah paleofeses (spesimen kotoran manusia yang mengeras) berukuran besar yang ditemukan para arkeolog saat menggali permukiman Viking di Jórvík (sekarang York), Inggris. Deskripsi Feses ini ditemukan tahun 1972 di bawah situs yang kelak menjadi cabang Lloyds Bank di York dan bisa jadi meru...
Untuk acara televisi yang awalnya dikembangkan dengan nama The Voice of America, lihat The Voice (Amerika Serikat). Voice of AmericaJenisPenyiar internasionalNegaraAmerika SerikatDidirikan1 Februari 1942; 81 tahun lalu (1942-02-01)MarkasWilbur J. Cohen Federal Building, Washington, D.C.PemilikBadan Media Global Amerika SerikatSitus resmivoanews.com Kantor pusat Voice of America di Washington, D.C. Voice of America atau VOA (bahasa Indonesia: Suara Amerika) adalah penyiar internasional mu...