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海外巴勒斯坦人

海外巴勒斯坦人,或稱流散巴勒斯坦人(阿拉伯语:الشتات الفلسطيني‎,al-shatat al-filastini)是指因戰亂逃離,或是自願遷移而離開巴勒斯坦的移民。

歷史

第一次大規模的巴勒斯坦人遷移是在19世紀中葉,起因是當時的鄂圖曼土耳其帝國迫害巴勒斯坦基督徒[1][2][3][4]

因第一次中東戰爭逃難的巴勒斯坦難民。

1948年,第一次中東戰爭爆發,逾70萬的巴勒斯坦的人因此逃難到世界各地。[5]1967年,以色列發動六日戰爭,非法侵占巴勒斯坦全境,並入侵埃及強占西奈半島,數十萬巴勒斯坦人流離失所,當中許多人遷移至南美洲[6]這兩波的逃難,形成目前海外巴勒斯坦人的主要部分。[5][7]除了戰爭難民,還有因工作機會、教育[8][9]、以色列當局的宗教迫害[7]等因素而移居海外的。舉例來說,在1967年六日戰爭後的十年內,每年平均有21,000名巴勒斯坦人逃離以色列控制區。[10]

人口

海外巴勒斯坦人以及居住在前英屬巴勒斯坦託管區的人數一直都缺乏可信的數據。根據巴勒斯坦中央統計局(PCBS)的統計,截至2003年年 (2003年-Missing required parameter 1=month!),全球巴勒斯坦人的總人口數約有960萬人左右,比起2001年多了80萬人。[11]

羅賓·柯恩英语Robin Cohen在他的著作《全球流散社群》(1997年)以「流散社群」(diaspora)來描述亞美尼亞人巴勒斯坦人猶太人,和一些非洲人的海外移民,因為這些群體在經歷一個明顯的「集體創傷,或是遭到驅逐。他們心繫家園,身卻流落異鄉」,經過數個世代之後,他們既不算難民,也不同於一般的自願移民,他們的移民「擁有更凶險、更殘酷的意涵。」[12]

1948年之後,巴勒斯坦人回歸權英语Palestinian right of return開始被重視[5]。巴勒斯坦的流散社群們始終夢想著回歸故里,這種情緒在巴勒斯坦難民營中尤為強烈[13]。舉例來說,黎巴嫩艾因赫勒韋擁有最大的巴勒斯坦難民營,這些難民營內的分區是由加利利的城鎮和地名來命名,以紀念他們的原鄉,如Az-Zeeb英语Az-ZeebSafsaf英语Safsaf,和Hittin英语Hittin等等[13]。雖然由於離散太久,當中有97%的居民並沒有真正看過父祖輩所謂的原鄉,要求返還巴勒斯坦的呼聲始終不曾停止[13]

人口數據

下表列出在巴勒斯坦國境外的巴勒斯坦人人口:

歐盟約有10萬名巴勒斯坦人,大多居住於英國丹麥法國德國希臘義大利荷蘭西班牙瑞典等國。歐盟之外的有挪威瑞士。德國的柏林則擁有中東之外最龐大的以色列人聚落,約3至4萬人。


參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ The Lebanese in the world: a century of emigration, Albert Habib Hourani, Nadim Shehadi, Centre for Lebanese Studies (Great Britain), Centre for Lebanese Studies in association with I.B. Tauris, 1992
  2. ^ Arab Chileans.. [2015-09-12]. (原始内容存档于2013-08-18). 
  3. ^ Between Argentines and Arabs: Argentine orientalism, Arab immigrants, and the writing of identity, Christina Civantos, SUNY Press, 2005, p. 6.
  4. ^ Arab and Jewish immigrants in Latin America: images and realities, by Ignacio Klich, Jeff Lesser, 1998, pp. 165, 108.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 The Palestinian Diaspora. Le Monde Diplomatique. [2007-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2006-01-12). 
  6. ^ Karam, John Tofik. On the Trail and Trial of a Palestinian Diaspora: Mapping South America in the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1967–1972. Journal of Latin American Studies. 2013-11, 45 (4): 751–777. ISSN 0022-216X. doi:10.1017/S0022216X13001156 (英语). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Middle East: Palestine from www.persecution.org. www.persecution.org. February 2007 [2007-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2007年9月28日). 
  8. ^ Saudi Arabia finances study abroad for Palestinian students. The embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington, D.C. 2007-04-25 [2007-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-13). 
  9. ^ Swarthmore Senior Founds Organization for Palestinian Students in U.S.. Swarthmore. March 27, 2006 [2007-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2007-07-19). 
  10. ^ Palestine Refugees: 50 Years of Injustice," The Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations," [1](28 Nov. 2002) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  11. ^ Statistical Abstract of Palestine No. 5 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. October 2005 [2007-09-05]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-12-11). 
  12. ^ Abbas Shiblak. Reflections on the Palestinian Diaspora in Europe (PDF). The Palestinian Diaspora in Europe: Challenges of Dual Identity and Adaptation (Institute of Jerusalem Studies). 2005. ISBN 9950-315-04-2. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-09-14). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 One Day We'll Rise Again - and Return. Al-Ahram Weekly. 28 October – 3 November 1999 [2007-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-22). 
  14. ^ Tiempo, Casa Editorial El. Los palestinos que encontraron un segundo hogar en el centro de Bogotá. El Tiempo. 2019-03-07 [2022-06-18]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-20) (spanish). 

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