《白人的负担》(The White Man's Burden)是英国诗人魯德亞德·吉卜林的作品,最初在1899年刊登于流行杂志《麥克盧爾》(McClure's),标题为美国与菲律宾群岛(The United States and the Philippine Islands)。[1]吉卜林藉着此詩,含蓄地警告英国人,进行扩张将会带来代价。左派——以及後起的第三世界反殖民理論家——却认为,吉卜林在描述新帝國主義的特征:将向外扩张称为高贵举措。[2][3][4][5][6]
诺顿英国文学选集(Norton Anthology of English Literature)认为,诗作的内容合符吉卜林的帝国主义思想,他认为开化野蛮人是“统治神在地上的国的神圣负担”。[7]史提芬·达比希尔(Steve Sailer)声称他是“一个完全不知道成为帝国主义意味着什么的帝国主义者,所以,可以说,他不是一个真正的帝国主义者。”[16]
不少后人都使用了诗作的主题,或者是模仿了诗作的形式。比如说亨利·拉布谢尔(Henry Labouchère)的作品《棕色人的负担》(The Brown Man's Burden),又或者是埃德蒙·毛莱尔(Edmund Morel)批评刚果自由邦的文章《白人的负担》。[17][18]欧内斯特·克罗斯比(Ernest Crosby)也有一篇题为“真正白人的负担”的诗作。[19]帕斯卡尔·布吕克内(Pascal Bruckner)也有名为“白人的眼泪”(Le Sanglot de l'Homme blanc)的作品。
内容
原文
中譯
Take up the White Man's burden—
Send forth the best ye breed—
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild—
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden—
In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain,
To seek another's profit,
And work another's gain.
挑起白种男人的負擔
把你們最優秀的品種送出去
捆綁起你們的儿子们將他們放逐出去
去替你們的奴隸服務
挑起白种男人的負擔
讓他們背負著沉重馬韁
去伺候那些剛被抓到
又急躁又野蠻,又慍怒
一半像邪魔一半像小孩一樣的人們
挑起白种男人的負擔
堅持著耐心
掩飾起恐懼
隱藏起驕傲
用公開與簡易的語言
不厭其煩的說清楚
去替別人謀福利
去為別人爭利益
参考文献
引用
^"The White Man's Burden". McClure's Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899).
^Judd, Denis. Diamonds are forever: Kipling's imperialism; poems of Rudyard Kipling. History Today. June 1997, 47 (6): 37.: "Theodore Roosevelt...thought the verses 'rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansionist stand-point'. Henry Cabot Lodge told Roosevelt in turn: 'I like it. I think it is better poetry than you say'."
^Examples of justification for imperialism based on Kipling's poem include the following (originally published 1899–1902):
Opinion archive, International Herald Tribune. In Our Pages: 100, 75 and 50 Years Ago; 1899: Kipling's Plea. International Herald Tribune. February 4, 1999: 6. (原始内容存档于2005年10月27日).: "An extraordinary sensation has been created by Mr. Rudyard Kipling's new poem, The White Man's Burden, just published in a New York magazine. It is regarded as the strongest argument yet published in favor of expansion."
^Crosby, Ernest. The Real White Man’s Burden. Funk and Wagnalls Company. 1902: 32–35 [2013-05-31]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-12). Published online by History Matters, American Social History Project, CUNY and George Mason University.
来源
A Companion to Victorian Poetry, Alison Chapman; Blackwell, Oxford, 2002.
Chisholm, Michael (1982). Modern World Development: A Geographical Perspective. Rowman & Littlefield, 1982, ISBN 978-0-389-20320-9.
Mama, Amina (1995). Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender, and Subjectivity. Routledge, 1995, ISBN 978-0-415-03544-6.
Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982). Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03081-5.
Pimentel, Benjamin (October 26, 2003). "The Philippines; "Liberator" Was Really a Colonizer; Bush's revisionist history". The San Francisco Chronicle: D3.
Sailer, Steve (2001). "What Will Happen In Afghanistan?". United Press International, 26 September 2001.
"The White Man's Burden." McClure's Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899).
"The Shining" Jack Nicholson's character Jack, uses the phrase to refer to whiskey.