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罗纳德·韦尔

罗纳德·韦尔
Ronald Vale
罗纳德·韦尔在2018年時
出生Ronald David Vale[2]
(1959-01-12) 1959年1月12日65歲)
 美国加利福尼亞州好萊塢[1]
国籍 美国
母校海洋生物实验室英语Marine Biological Laboratory
斯坦福大学
加利福尼亚大学圣巴巴拉分校
知名于驱动蛋白动力蛋白的研究
奖项邵逸夫生命科學與醫學獎(2017)
阿爾伯特·拉斯克基礎醫學研究獎(2012)
威利生物醫學奖(2012)
加拿大盖尔德纳国际奖(2018)
科学生涯
研究领域生物化学
细胞生物学
机构加州大学旧金山分校
霍華德·休斯醫學研究所
论文Nerve growth factor receptors and axonal transport(1985)
博士導師埃里克·曼菲斯·舒特英语Eric Manvers Shooter[1]

罗纳德·戴維·韦尔(英語:Ronald David Vale,1959年1月12日),美国细胞生物学家加州大学旧金山分校细胞与分子药理学系教授及麻醉學系W·K·咸美頓卓越教授[3]。他的研究主要集中在分子马达,特别是驱动蛋白动力蛋白[4]。他在2012年与迈克尔·希茨詹姆斯·斯普迪赫同获拉斯克基础医学研究奖,並於2017年與伊恩·吉本斯一同獲頒邵逸夫生命科學與醫學獎。他也是美国文理科学院的院士和美国国家科学院的成员,并曾于2012年担任美国细胞生物学学会会长[5]。自1995年以来,他一直是霍华德·休斯医学研究所研究员[3]

早年生活與教育

韋爾在加利福尼亞州好萊塢出生,他母親依芙琳是前演員,而他父親尤金則是小說家暨編劇,已故著名歌手米高·積遜是他的小學同學。他中學在荷里活高中就讀。十年級時,他在家中地庫設置一實驗室,研究豆類植物的生理時鐘,學校輔導員因此聯絡加利福尼亞大學洛杉磯分校的卡爾·漢默(Karl Hammer),漢默後來允許韋爾在其實驗室繼續研究。學校輔導員亦鼓勵韋爾參與西屋科學比賽(今再生製藥科學比賽英语Regeneron Science Talent Search),最後躋身全國40強[1]

韋爾是家中的第一代大學生[1]。因為喜愛比阿特麗斯·斯威尼(Beatrice Sweeney)有關在生理時鐘的研究,他進入加利福尼亞大學聖塔芭芭拉分校創新研究學院英语College of Creative Studies就讀[1],並於1980年獲得生物學化學學士[6]。攻讀本科期間,他先後在加州大學洛杉磯分校的C·弗拉德·霍士(C. Fred Fox)及杜克大學羅伯特·萊夫科維茨的實驗小組工作。這些經驗令韋爾得以分別在1984[7]和1982年[8]出版兩篇文章。

1980年,韋爾進入史丹福大學攻讀醫學博士[1]。不到三年,他已出版了四篇文章,這容許他參與其研究題目以外的課題。他對詹姆斯·斯普迪赫迈克尔·希茨的研究產生興趣,他們剛剛用顯微鏡拍攝了塗上肌凝蛋白的珠子,在骨骼肌肌動蛋白上行走的片段。1983年,他們打算在烏賊軸突內測試細胞器運輸是否源於肌凝蛋白在肌動蛋白上的移動,但因為史丹福大學的霍普金斯海洋研究站英语Hopkins Marine Station當年無法捕獲任何烏賊,所以在得到博士導師埃里克·曼菲斯·舒特英语Eric Manvers Shooter准許後,他們前往海洋生物实验室英语Marine Biological Laboratory進行研究[9]。韋爾在1985年獲頒神經科學哲學博士後,返回海洋生物实验室從事博士後研究[6]

學術生涯

海洋生物学实验室,韋爾跟希茨、布魯斯·施納普(Bruce Schnapp)以及湯馬士·里斯(Thomas Reese)合作[9]。他們發現細胞器運輸是雙向的,而且是在一條微管(而非他最初認為的肌動蛋白)上發生[10]。韋爾進一步發現細胞器單靠自身無法在微管上移動,但當加入軸突細胞質基質,細胞器便能自由移動,這顯示動力蛋白不是位於細胞器或微管上,而是溶於細胞質基質中。他還發現把細胞質基質塗在珠子上後,珠子會沿微管移動,這提供了一個以微管量度動力的方法[11]。1984年,韋爾、希茨和里斯確定該動力蛋白的身份,命名其為「驅動蛋白」,並顯示它只會單方向往微管的N端移動[12]

1986年,韋爾沒有完成醫學士學位,便加入加州大学旧金山分校助理教授[1][6]。1991年,他在非洲爪蟾中發現首個切割微管的蛋白[13]。1993年,他在紫海膽英语Strongylocentrotus purpuratus中發現另一種切割微管的蛋白,並命名為劍蛋白英语Katanin[14]。然後在1996年,他和其團隊發表驅動蛋白的結構[15]

此後,韋爾主力研究伊恩·吉本斯於1965年發現的动力蛋白。雖然動力蛋白比驅動蛋白早20年被發現,但礙於它非常龐大,不容易隔離,當時關於其的研究並不多[9],主要由吉本斯和其團隊進行[16]。2006年,他從酵母菌中分離出动力蛋白,確定它在微管上行走的方法[17]。及後他和吉本斯合作,共同發表了动力蛋白中負責連結微管的結構域的結構[18]。他的團隊亦單獨確定了动力蛋白負責移動的結構域的結構[19]。近年,韋爾的研究延伸至其他領域,例如T細胞的信號傳遞[20]RNA[21]

推廣科學工作

2006年,韋爾創立iBiology页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)網站,使大眾能免費觀看由頂尖生物學家主講的影片,更深入了解他們的研究及生物學原理。2009年,他創辦IndiaBioscience页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) 並於每年舉行年輕研究者大會(Young Investigators Meeting),給印度的年輕科學家機會來擴展人脈。2015年,他成立ASAPbio页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),推廣預印本的使用與公開透明的同行評審[9]

韋爾亦創立了Micro-Manager以及Microscopy 4 Kids,前者是一個免費和開源的顯微鏡程式[22],後者是向兒童推廣數碼顯微鏡的網站[23]

榮譽與獎項

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Autobiography of Ronald D Vale. 邵逸夫獎基金會. 2017-06-26 [2018-11-04]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-06). 
  2. ^ Winter 2015 Bulletin Noteworthy. 美国文理科学院. [2018-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-14). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Ron Vale. 加州大学旧金山分校. [2018-11-04]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-29). 
  4. ^ Vale Lab. 加州大学旧金山分校. [2018-11-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-29). 
  5. ^ ASCB Presidents. 美國細胞生物學學會. [2018-11-04]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-05). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Biographical Notes of Laureates. 邵逸夫獎基金會. [2018-11-05]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-03). 
  7. ^ Vale, Ronald D.; Peterson, Scott W.; Matiuk, Nicholas V.; Fox, C. Fred. Purified plasma membranes inhibit polypeptide growth factor-induced DNA synthesis in subconfluent 3T3 cells. 細胞生物學期刊英语Journal of Cell Biology. 1984-03, 98 (3): 1129–1132. PMID 6607925. doi:10.1083/jcb.98.3.1129. 
  8. ^ Vale, Ronald D.; De Lean, Andre; Lefkowitz, Robert J.; Stadel, Jeffrey M. Regulation of insulin receptors in frog erythrocytes by insulin and concanavalin A. Evidence for discrete classes of insulin binding sites. 分子藥理學英语Molecular Pharmacology. 1982-11, 22 (3): 619–626. PMID 6759916. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Azvolinsky, Anna. Motor Man. 科學人. 2017-09-01 [2018-11-06]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-19). 
  10. ^ Schnapp, Bruce J.; Vale, Ronald D.; Sheetz, Michael P.; Reese, Thomas S. Single microtubules from squid axoplasm support bidirectional movement of organelles. 細胞. 1985-02, 40 (2): 455–462. PMID 2578325. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90160-6. 
  11. ^ Vale, Ronald D.; Schnapp, Bruce J.; Reese, Thomas S.; Sheetz, Michael P. Organelle, bead, and microtubule translocations promoted by soluble factors from the squid giant axon. 細胞. 1985-03, 40 (3): 559–569. PMID 2578887. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90204-1. 
  12. ^ Vale, Ronald D.; Reese, Thomas S.; Sheetz, Michael P. Identification of a Novel Force-Generating Protein, Kinesin, Involved in Microtubule-Based Motility. 細胞. 1985-08, 42 (1): 39–50. PMID 3926325. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(85)80099-4. 
  13. ^ Vale, Ronald D. Severing of stable microtubules by a mitotically activated protein in Xenopus egg extracts. 細胞. 1991-02-22, 64 (4): 827–839. PMID 1671762. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90511-V. 
  14. ^ McNally, Francis J.; Vale, Ronald D. Identification of katanin, an ATPase that severs and disassembles stable microtubules. 細胞. 1993-11-03, 75 (3): 419–429. PMID 8221885. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90377-3. 
  15. ^ Kull, F. Jon; Sablin, Elena P.; Lau, Rebecca; Fletterick, Robert J.; Vale, Ronald D. Crystal structure of the kinesin motor domain reveals a structural similarity to myosin. 自然. 1996-04-11, 380 (6574): 550–555. PMID 8606779. doi:10.1038/380550a0. 
  16. ^ Gibbons, Ian R.; Fronk, Earl. Some properties of bound and soluble dynein from sea urchin sperm flagella. 細胞生物學期刊. 1975-04-01, 54 (2): 365–381. PMID 4261148. doi:10.1083/jcb.54.2.365. 
  17. ^ Reck-Peterson, Samara L.; Yildiz, Ahmet; Carter, Andrew P.; Gennerich, Arne; Zhang, Nan; Vale, Ronald D. Single-molecule analysis of dynein processivity and stepping behavior. 細胞. 2006-07-28, 126 (2): 335–348. PMID 16873064. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.046. 
  18. ^ Carter, Andrew P.; Garbarino, Joan E.; Wilson-Kubalek, Elizabeth M.; Shipley, Wesley E.; Cho, Carol; Milligan, Ronald A.; Vale, Ronald D.; Gibbons, Ian R. Structure and Functional Role of Dynein’s Microtubule-Binding Domain. 科學. 2008-12-12, 322 (5908): 1691–1695. PMID 19074350. doi:10.1126/science.1164424. 
  19. ^ Carter, Andrew P.; Cho, Carol; Jin, Lan; Vale, Ronald D. Crystal Structure of the Dynein Motor Domain. 科學. 2011-03-04, 331 (6021): 1159–1165. PMID 21330489. doi:10.1126/science.1202393. 
  20. ^ James, John R.; Vale, Ronald D. Biophysical Mechanism of T Cell Receptor Triggering in a Reconstituted System. 自然. 2012-07-05, 487 (7405): 64–69. PMC 3393772可免费查阅. PMID 22763440. doi:10.1038/nature11220. 
  21. ^ Jain, Ankur; Vale, Ronald D. RNA Phase Transitions in Repeat Expansion Disorders. 自然. 2017-06-08, 546 (7657): 243–247. PMC 5555642可免费查阅. PMID 28562589. doi:10.1038/nature22386. 
  22. ^ Micro-Manager Open Source Microscopy Software. Micro-Manager. [2018-11-12]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-25). 
  23. ^ Microscopy4Kids - Resources For Kid-Friendly Microscopy. Microscopy 4 Kids. [2018-11-12]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-31). 
  24. ^ Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry (pdf). 美國化學學會生物化學部. [2018-11-13]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-01-01). 
  25. ^ Ronald D. Vale. 美國國家科學院. [2018-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-13). 
  26. ^ Professor Ronald D. Vale. 美国文理科学院. [2018-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-03). 
  27. ^ Keith R. Porter Lecture Award. 美國細胞生物學學會. [2018-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-14). 
  28. ^ Past Winners of the Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences. 威利基金會. [2018-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2014-01-27). 
  29. ^ 2012 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award. 拉斯克基金會. [2018-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-08). 
  30. ^ Ronald D. Vale. 歐洲分子生物學組織. [2018-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-30). 
  31. ^ Massry Prize Winners ( 1996 – Present ). 南加州大學凱克醫學院英语Keck School of Medicine of USC. [2018-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-26). 
  32. ^ Ronald D. Vale, Ph.D.. 美國國家醫學院. [2018-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-09). 
  33. ^ Announcement of The Shaw Laureates 2017 (新闻稿). 邵逸夫獎基金會. 2017-06-17 [2018-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-13). 

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Season of television series MediumSeason 6DVD coverCountry of originUnited StatesNo. of episodes22ReleaseOriginal networkCBSOriginal releaseSeptember 25, 2009 (2009-09-25) –May 21, 2010 (2010-05-21)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 5(on NBC) Next →Season 7 List of episodes The sixth season of Medium, an American television series, began September 25, 2009, and ended on May 21, 2010. It is the first season to air on CBS after NBC canceled the show after 5 seasons...

 

 

American television trade magazine Not to be confused with Large-screen television technology. This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: TV Technology – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) TV TechEditor-in-ChiefTom ButtsCategoriesTrade magazineFrequencyMonthlyCirculation35,0...

 

 

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