英语中的国家前缀
英语中的国家前缀(复数:Nationality prefixes)指的是表示某国家、地区、民族或语言的一种前缀。这样的前缀有三种,一种是国家名字不变的,如伊拉克-科威特战争(Iraq-Kuwait War),伊拉克一词就没有变化;另一种是国家名字被添加了-o-这一成分的前缀,这样的前缀不少来自拉丁语;还有一种前缀是该国家的名字或其形容词形式的缩写,如British(英国的)的缩写而成的前缀为Brit-,由其衍生出的单词有Britpop(英式摇滚)。需要注意的是,像Chinglish(中式英语)、Eurasia(欧亚大陆)之类的词语是两个单词各取一部分而混合而成的,而不是以一个国家前缀与一个后缀合成的。
-o-成分的作用
在英语中,-o-这个成分可以是一个插在两个词素间的起连接作用的元音。它的前后各是一个辅音性质的成分。它的插入缓和了发音,但是不会对词意造成影响。它类似于汉语里的诗歌、歌词中的衬字“来”,如:八月里来桂花香。英语中的这个成分通常被用在古希腊语来源的词语中,但是它也能被用在现代的单词甚至缩写词之中。
举例:
epheb(e)(青少年) + -o- + philia(爱) = ephebophilia(恋<青春期及青春期之后的>少年癖)
speed(速度) + -o- + meter(计量器) = speedometer(速度计)
blog(博客) + -o- + sphere(范围) = blogosphere(博客圈)
现有国家的o结尾式前缀
汉语 |
英语 |
前缀
|
埃及 |
Egypt |
Egypto-, Ægypto-
|
爱尔兰 |
Ireland |
Hiberno-(来自拉丁语Hibernia,爱尔兰的拉丁名字)
|
奥地利 |
Austria |
Austro-
|
澳大利亚 |
Australia |
Australo-
|
保加利亚 |
Bulgaria |
Bulgaro-
|
比利时 |
Belgium |
Belgo-
|
波兰 |
Poland |
Polono-
|
丹麦 |
Denmark |
Dano-
|
德国 |
Germany |
Germano-, Teuto-(来自条顿)
|
俄罗斯 |
Russia |
Russo-
|
法国 |
France |
Franco-, Gallo-(来自拉丁语Gallus,“高卢”)
|
芬兰 |
Finland |
Fenno-, Finno-
|
荷兰 |
Netherlands |
Batavo-(来自巴达维亚)
|
捷克 |
Czech |
Czecho-
|
克罗地亚 |
Croatia |
Croato-
|
马来 |
Malay |
Malayo-
|
美国 |
America |
Americo-
|
蒙古 |
Mongolia |
Mongolo-
|
挪威 |
Norway |
Norwego-(英语中Norway的形容词形式为Norwegian)
|
葡萄牙 |
Portugal |
Luso-(来自拉丁语Lūsitānia,“路西塔尼亚”)
|
日本 |
Japan |
Japano-, Yamato-(来自大和,假名:やまと,转写:Yamato), Nihono-/Nippono-/Nippo-(来自日本,假名:にほん或にっぽん,转写:Nihon或Nippon)
|
瑞典 |
Sweden |
Swedo-
|
瑞士 |
Switzerland |
Helveto-(来自赫尔维蒂)
|
塞尔维亚 |
Serbia |
Serbo-
|
塞浦路斯 |
Cyprus |
Cypro-
|
斯洛文尼亚 |
Slovenia |
Sloveno-
|
土耳其 |
Turkey |
Turco-, Turko-
|
西班牙 |
Spain |
Hispano-(来自拉丁语Hispānia,“西班牙”)
|
希腊 |
Greece |
Greco-, Graeco-, Græco-, Helleno-(来自希腊语Ἑλλάς,转写:Hellas,“希腊”)
|
匈牙利 |
Hungary |
Hungaro-
|
叙利亚 |
Syria |
Syro-
|
亚美尼亚 |
Armenia |
Armeno-
|
伊朗 |
Iran |
Irano-
|
意大利 |
Italy |
Italo-
|
印度 |
India |
Indo-
|
英国 |
United Kingdom |
Anglo-(来自盎格鲁)
|
中国 |
China |
Sino-(来自拉丁语Sinae,“中国人”,归根结底来自汉语秦)
|
以前的国家以及地区、群体等的o结尾式前缀
汉语 |
英语 |
前缀
|
阿拉伯 |
Arabia |
Arabo-
|
巴尔干 |
Balkans |
Balkano-
|
波罗的 |
Baltic |
Balto-
|
波斯 |
Persia |
Perso-
|
达契亚 |
Dacian |
Daco-
|
非洲 |
Africa |
Afro-
|
胡利安 |
Hurrian |
Hurro-
|
加泰罗尼亚 |
Catalan |
Catalano-
|
凯尔特 |
Celtic |
Celto-, Cymro-(来自Cymro,威尔士人对自己的称呼,引申为凯尔特人;或来自Cymru,威尔士人对威尔士的称呼,引申为凯尔特[1][2][3])
|
拉丁 |
Latins |
Latino-
|
雷蒂亚 |
Rhaetians |
Rhaeto-, Rhæto-
|
罗姆、吉普赛 |
Romani, Gypsies |
Romano-
|
尼罗 |
Nile |
Nilo-
|
欧洲、欧盟 |
Europe, European Union |
Euro-
|
普鲁士 |
Prussia |
Prusso-
|
萨赫勒 |
Sahel |
Sahelo-
|
斯基泰 |
Scythia |
Scytho-
|
色雷斯 |
Thracian |
Thraco-
|
斯巴达 |
Sparta |
Lacono-(来自斯巴达人生活过的拉科尼亚)
|
斯堪的纳维亚 |
Scandinavia |
Scando-
|
斯拉夫 |
Slavs |
Slavo-
|
苏格兰 |
Scotland |
Scoto-
|
威尔士 |
Wales |
Cambro-(来自拉丁语Cambria,威尔士的拉丁名字[4][5]), Cymro-(来自Cymro,威尔士人对自己的称呼;或来自Cymru,威尔士人对威尔士的称呼[6][7][8])
|
乌拉尔 |
Ural |
Uralo-
|
西藏 |
Tibet |
Tibeto-
|
西西里 |
Sicilian |
Siculo-[9]
|
伊斯的利亚 |
Istria |
Istro-
|
伊比利亚 |
Iberia |
Ibero-
|
犹太 |
Jews |
Judaeo-, Judæo-Judeo-(犹太人生活的地方叫Judaea)
|
缩写式前缀
汉语 |
英语 |
前缀 |
举例
|
朝鲜、韩国 |
Korean |
K- |
K-Horror(韩国恐怖片)
|
菲律宾 |
Filipino |
Fil- |
Fil-Am(菲律宾裔美国人)
|
日本 |
Japanese |
J- |
J-Horror(日本恐怖小说)
|
英国 |
British |
Brit- |
Britpop(英式摇滚)
|
使用
在一个单词中,该前缀后面不加连接符号,而直接与词语的另一构词成分组合。如Anglophile(亲英派),由Anglo-与表示喜爱的-phile结合。
在两个国家的联合词组中,前面的一个国家使用国家前缀,后一个国家仍然使用本身的形式,两词用连接符号连接,之后空一格,再加上后面的单词。如Sino-Japanese War(中日战争),“中国人”使用前缀Sino-,而“日本人”不使用前缀Japano-,而使用Japanese。
在翻译为汉语时,这些前缀通常也译为一个字,而不译为全称,如Sino-Japanese War译为“中日战争”,不译为“中国人-日本人战争”。
参考
- ^ 1862, Britannicus (pseudonym), “Vindication of the mosaic ethnology of Europe”, The Cambrian Journal, page 149: From B.C. 390, to B.C. 900, is the fall and rise of the Etrurian or Tyrrhenian empire, of the establishment of the Cymro-Gallic empire in Northern Italy, and of the Etrurian domination in Rome
- ^ 1907, John Beddoe and Joseph Hamberly Rowe, “The Ethnology of West Yorkshire”, The Yorkshire Archæological Journal, volume 19, page 32: And as for the physical type or types, the light complexion is very unlike that of the earlier British or Iberian race, though we cannot say that the ruling Cymro-Gaelic stocks were not fair.
- ^ 1909, A. G. Bradley, The Romance of Northumberland, page 137: Some people derive Berwick from the Cymro-Teutonic compound Aber-wick. This sounds most reasonable, Aber signifying the mouth of a river, while some of the Saxons whom Ida gathered into one kingdom certainly then or later had a "wick" or town here. The Celts would naturally have emphasized the penultimate and made it Aberwick [...]
- ^ 1868, Thomas Nicholas, The Pedigree of the English People, page 442: History proves that for centuries the Anglo-Saxons fought, formed treaties, intermarried with the Cymbric race [...] They even themselves passed through intermixture out of the properly Anglo-Saxon into the Cambro-Saxon phase, constituting in fact a new race.
- ^ 1993, Martin John Ball and James Fife, The Celtic Languages, ISBN 0415010357, page 311: In present-day Colloquial Welsh borrowed nouns retain noun plurals in the exact shape that they occur in Cambro-English; for example (in north-western areas): [kondəktərs] 'conductors', loris 'lorries'.
- ^ 1838 March, Sylvanus Urban (pseudonym), review of The Parochial History of Cornwall, in The Gentleman’s Magazine, volume IX, page 274: The root of the Cornish language was the same as that of the Welsh language, but largely amalgamated with the Saxon; […] Every vestige of this old Cymro-Saxon jargon has however past[sic] away, except it be indeed the use of a few pronouns decidedly Saxon.
- ^ 2004, Jim Perrin, Travels with the Flea... and Other Eccentric Journeys, ISBN 1903238439: They moved to Rhydlewis, just to the west of Llandysul, where he spent what appears to have been a poor (his mother was expelled from chapel for not paying her dues) and unhappy childhood, falling foul of the Cymrophobic education system of the time.
- ^ 2010 July 15, Graham Henry, “Irish 'consul' holds court at new HQ”, Western Mail: Formerly Mr Driscoll held court at that bastion of Welsh nationalism, The Cayo Arms, on Cardiff’s Cathedral Road, where he could be consulted on any matter concerning Cymro-Irish relations as long as an element of rugby football was included in the conversation.
- ^ 1987, María Rosa Menocal, The Arabic role in medieval literary history (page 133) […] much Siculo-Arabic poetry is clearly lost, perhaps irremediably […]
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