一些學者認為蘇薩是大烏魯克文化的一部分。費城賓夕法尼亞大學藝術史學家霍莉·皮特曼(Holly Pittman)說:“他們(蘇薩人)完全投入烏魯克的生活方式。它們之間在文化上並沒區別;蘇薩的物質文化是美索不達米亞平原文化的區域性變體”。芝加哥大學東方學院(英语:Oriental Institute (Chicago))院長吉爾伯特·斯坦(Gilbert Stein)說:“一般而言,一個文化擴張不會持續200年,現在看來這現象顯然已持續有700年。很難想像任何殖民體系能維持這麼長的時間。烏魯克人文化元素的散佈不見得是烏魯克人統治的證據;或許是當地人願意採用的結果。”[30]
公元前147年左右,蘇薩和鄰近的伊利麥思(英语:Elymais)王朝從塞琉古帝國脫離。這座城市至少由伊利麥思王朝統治者暫時統治過,他們的君王卡那思凱二世(英语:Kannaskires II Nikephoros)在蘇薩鑄造錢幣。這座城市可能再次短暫地回復到塞琉古帝國的統治,但是從弗拉特斯二世(約公元前138年到127年)到葛塔茲二世(英语:Gotarzes II of Parthia)(約公元40年到51年)開始,幾乎所有安息帝國的統治者都在這兒鑄造錢幣。至少在此期間,這個城市是牢牢掌握在安息帝國人手中。然而,蘇薩保有相當大的獨立性,而且在安息帝國時代仍保留住它希臘式的城邦組織。[51]從公元一世紀下半葉開始,它可能部分再次由伊利麥思王朝君王統治,但它在公元215年又落入安息帝國之手。[52][53]
^John Curtis. Introduction. Perrot, Jean (编). The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia. I.B.Tauris. 2013: xvi [2019-12-03]. ISBN 9781848856219. (原始内容存档于2021-05-12) (英语).
^Kriwaczek, Paul. Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization, St. Martin's Press, 2010, p. 5
^George Rawlinson, A Memoir of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Nabu Press, 2010, ISBN1-178-20631-9
^Google Books (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), William K. Loftus, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana: With an Account of Excavations at Warka, the "Erech" of Nimrod, and Shush, "Shushan the Palace" of Esther, in 1849–52, Robert Carter & Brothers, 1857
^Harvard.edu (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Shelby White – Leon Levy Program funded project to publish early Susa archaeological results
^Roman Ghirshman, Suse au tournant du III au II millenaire avant notre ere, Arts Asiatiques, vol. 17, pp. 3–44, 1968
^Hermann Gasche, Ville Royal de Suse: vol I : La poterie elamite du deuxieme millenaire a.C, Mission archéologique en Iran, Mémoires 47, 1973
^M. Steve and Hermann H. Gasche, L'Acropole de Suse: Nouvelles fouilles (rapport preliminaire), Memoires de la Delegation archeologique en Iran, vol. 46, Geuthner, 1971
^Jean Perrot, Les fouilles de Sus en 1975, Annual Symposium on
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^D. Canal, La haute terrase de l'Acropole de Suse, Paleorient, vol. 4, pp. 169–176, 1978
^F. Desset, An Architectural Pattern in Late Fourth-Millennium BC Western Iran: A New Link Between Susa, Tal-I Malyan, and Godin Tepe, Iran, vol. 52, iss. 1, pp. 1–18, 2014
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^Mikołajczak, Tytus K. Elam and Persia. Edited by Javier Álvarez-Mon and Mark B. Garrison. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2011. Pp. xviii + 493. $89.50 (cloth).. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 2011, 72 (2): 284–289. ISSN 0022-2968. doi:10.1086/671453.
^Kuhrt, Amélie. "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes", in The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol IV — Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, pp. 112–138. Ed. John Boardman. Cambridge University Press, 1982. ISBN0-521-22804-2
^Tolini, Gauthier, Quelques éléments concernant la prise de Babylone par Cyrus, Paris. "Il est probable que des négociations s’engagèrent alors entre Cyrus et les chefs de l’armée babylonienne pour obtenir une reddition sans recourir à l’affrontement armé." p. 10 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (PDF)
^The Harran Stelae H2 – A, and the Nabonidus Chronicle (Seventeenth year) show that Nabonidus had been in Babylon before 10 October 539, because he had already returned from Harran and had participated in the Akitu of Nissanu 1 [4 April], 539 BCE.
^Capdetrey, Laurent. Le Pouvoir Séleucide. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes. 2007: 252. ISBN 978-2-753505-24-7.
^Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz, ON THE WESTERN EDGE OF THE IRANIAN PLATEAU: SUSA AND ELYMAIS, A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule (Brill), 1991-01-01: 35–48, ISBN 9789004293915, doi:10.1163/9789004293915_004(英语)
^Marest-Caffey, Laure. Seleukos I's Victory Coinage of Susa Revisited: A Die Study and Commentary. American Journal of Numismatics. 2016, 28: 1–63.
^Hill, John E. Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE. Charleston: BookSurge. 2009. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
^Robert J. Wenke, Elymeans, Parthians, and the Evolution of Empires in Southwestern Iran, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 303–315, 1981
^Neusner, Jacob. Babylonian Jewry And Shapur Ii's Persecution Of Christianity From 339 to 379 CE. Hebrew Union College Annual (Hebrew Union College Press). 1972, 43: 77–102.
^ 60.060.1Crawford, Peter. The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 2013: 183–184. ISBN 978-1-84884-612-8.
^Amiet, Pierre. Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique en Iran: Glyptique susienne des origines à l'époque des Perses achéménides: cachets, sceaux-cylindres et empreintes antiques découverts à Suse de 1913 à 1967. Paris: P. Geuthner. 1972.