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點 (印刷)

(英語:point),pt,是印刷所使用的长度单位,用于表示字型的大小,也用于餘白(字距、行距)等其他版面构成要素的长度。作为铸字行业内部的一个专用单位,1 点的长度在世界各地、各个时代曾经有过不同定义,并不统一。当代最通行的是广泛应用于桌面排版软件的 DTP 点,72 点等于 1英寸(1 point = 127⁄360 mm = 0.352777... mm)。中国传统字体排印上的字号单位是,而后采用「点」「号」兼容的体制。中国也将“点”俗称为“磅”,并缩写为P或p[1][2]

历史及各种定义

「点」在世界各地、各个时代各种不同的单位系统下有不同的定义。最早的「点制系统」是富尼耶点 (Fournier's point) ,后来有于1783年制定迪多点 (Didot's point) ,此二者皆诞生于法国,并在欧洲大陆流传使用。富尼耶点是皮埃尔-西蒙·富尼耶 (Pierre-Simon Fournier) 创制的,其「点」的定义是以西塞罗 (Cicéro) 的十二分之一为基准。弗朗索瓦-安布鲁瓦兹·迪多 (François-Ambroise Didot) 对富尼耶的系统加以改善,依照以「国王的脚」(Pied de roi) 定义的「法尺」将 1 pt 定义为 1/72 法尺。1 富尼耶点 ≒ 0.348 82  mm,而1 迪多点 ≒ 0.375 9 mm。

之后的欧洲大陆主要采用迪多点,但在英国美国却没有普及。在美国,是在1886年 印刷业界同意统一使用 MS&J (Mackellar, Smiths and Jordan, Letter Founder) 公司的「约翰逊派卡」 (Johnson pica) 为共通单位之后才统一了美国活字行业的字号,这个规定下的点被称作美式点 (American point, American printers' point, ap) 。约翰逊派卡与公制单位折算的定义是 83 picas = 35 cm ,因此 1 美式点 = 1/12 picas ≒ 0.351 4 mm。依照这个定义,6 约翰逊派卡=72 美式点=0.99624 标准英寸,而不是整的一英寸。美式点后来在中国日本也得到了普及。

现代电脑Adobe InDesignMicrosoft Word 等软件采用的是与美式点近似的「DTP 点」(或称 「PostScrip 点」)1  DTP pt = 1/72 英寸 = 0.352 777 7... mm) 。美式点相对 DTP 点会有 0.0170% 左右的误差。看似差异很小,但是在排版之后的累积误差不可忽略,会导致版式错乱。在Adobe InDesign等专业排版软件里,提供「DTP 点/美式点」切换功能。

「点」的不同定义,按照大小顺序排列
起源 年代 µm inch
Truchet 1694 ≈ 188 ≈ 0.007 400 48
JIS,[3] CSS q, DIN[4] 1976 = 250 ≈ 0.009 843 = 5508
富尼耶 1737 ≈ 345 ≈ 0.013 58
中国 1958 = 350
Johnson, ATA 1886 = 351.36 = 0.013 83 = 836000
日本[5] 1962 = 351.4 ≈ 0.013 835
霍克斯 1879 ≈ 351.456 = 0.013 837
TeX pt = 351.459 80 ≈ 0.013 837 = 1007227
PS, CSS pt, TeX bp 1984 = 352.7 = 0.013 8 = 172
Tex nd[6] 1975 = 375 ≈ 0.014 764 = 151016
奇肖尔德 ≈ 375.94 ≈ 0.014 801 = 25016891
迪多 1770 ≈ 375.97 ≈ 0.014 802
贝托尔德 = 376 ≈ 0.014 803 = 473175
TeX dd[7] ≈ 376.065 ≈ 0.014 806
Mozilla dt[8] 1997 = 376.296 = 0.014 8 = 2135
Antenna House dd[9] ≈ 376.682 = 0.014 83
法国国家印刷所 = 400 ≈ 0.015 748

TeX系统

出于上述原因,在TeX (TeX) 中内部导入了一个极精细的「可变点」(scaled point, sp),规定 1 sp = 1 / 216 pt (= 1 / 65,536 pt) ,然后用这个「可变点」与其他各种不同「点」进行换算,以保证所有长度值能存储成整数,以回避跨平台的浮点小数问题。1 美国点 = 65,536 TeX 点 = 1 / 72.27 英寸 (= 25.4 / 72.27 毫米 = 0.351 459 80... mm) ;而一个电脑 DTP 点被称作「大点」 (big point, bp) 定义为 1 bp = 65,781 TeX 点 [= 65,781 × 25.4 / (216 × 72.27) mm = 0.352 773 70... mm]。 即在TeX

  • 1 pt (美式点)= 351.459 80 µm =  100⁄7227 inch = 800⁄803 DTP point
  • 1 bp (DTP点)= 352.7 µm =    1⁄72 inch = 1 DTP point

相关单位

照相排版系统采用字级单位(Q,在中国也可用 K),因此有人将12点的字称为“12级字”,但这其实是不正确的。根据定义,1 Q = 0.25 mm 是精确值,而不像上述各种点在换算成公制单位是需要缩约。

中国相对

在現代電子排版引入前,中國及部分東亞國家普遍使用活字印印刷漢字字體的大小以活字字号 (印刷)標稱。字號越小,字體越大。之后「点」数活字传入中国,与传统的「号」数单位并行通用,各地活字厂商的活字尺寸不尽相同,号、点、毫米等单位之间有不同换算。而且由于「点」基于英尺,用公制单位换算时只能采用近似数值。比如1958年6月10日中华人民共和国文化部出版事业管理局为了统一活字的标准曾公布《关于活字及字模规格化的决定(草案)》里就直接规定「每点为0.35毫米,铅字的高度规定为23.32 毫米」[10]  。由于老厂铅字数量繁多,此规定并未在全国范围内彻底施行。与此类似,日本工業規格JIS Z 8305-1962 (JIS Z 8305:1962)「活字の基準寸法」中 2. (2) 也规定「1 point 定为 0.351 4 mm 」。[11]  

參考資料

  1. ^ 胡太春; 金梦玉. 图书内文版式设计与实施. 编辑出版实务 由传统出版到数字出版. 新编高等院校专业课程特色教材. 中国广播影视出版社. 2018-06: 87. ISBN 978-7-5043-8113-2. 
  2. ^ 潘建羽. 版式设计从入门到精通:基础理论+图文编排+网格运用+色彩搭配+商业实训. Beijing Book Co. Inc. 2021-08-01. ISBN 978-7-115-56476-4. 
  3. ^ JIS X 4052:2000, JIS Z 8125:2004
  4. ^ as an unnamed module first in DIN 16507-2:1984 and still in DIN 16507-2:1999
  5. ^ JIS Z 8305
  6. ^ pdftex source code l. 10443[永久失效連結] ff.
  7. ^ What are the various units (ex, em, in, pt, bp, dd, pc) expressed in mm?. Stacke Exchange. [2017-03-29]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-03). 
  8. ^ David Baron. Remove internal support for units that were never in CSS (feet, miles, meters, kilometers, didots, ciceros). Mozilla.org. 2009-03-09 [2017-03-29]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-03). 
  9. ^ AH Formatter: XSL/CSS Extensions: Extended Units. [2017-03-29]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-07). 
  10. ^ 张树栋等,《中华印刷通史页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)》第 798 页,2004,财团法人印刷传播兴才文教基金会,台北。
  11. ^ 『日本工業規格活字の基準寸法』日本規格協会、1967年12月、1ページ。

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