Anti-Yudaisme, seperti halnya penolakan jalan pemikiran tertentu terhadap Allah, berbeda dari antisemitisme, yang lebih ke arah bentuk rasisme. Para cendekiawan berharap untuk menyamarkan garis antara teologi dan rasisme sejak pencanangan istilah antisemitisme keagamaan.
Selain itu, konsep Yudaisme bersaing sepanjang dua ribu tahun lampau dengan para cendekiawan dari wilayah Kristen dan Islam.
Krisis di bawah Caligula (37-41) telah diusulkan sebagai "perpecahan terbuka pertama antara Romawi dan Yahudi", bahkan melalui masalah-masalah yang menjadi bukti pada masa Sensus Quirinius pada tahun 6 Masehi dan di bawah kepemimpinan Sejanus (sebelum tahun 31).[a]
Flavius Clemens dihukum mati karena "hidup dalam kehidupan Yahudi" atau "mengikuti cara-cara Yahudi" pada tahun 95 Masehi, yang berkaitan dengan administrasi pajak Yahudi di bawah kepemimpinan Domitianus.[c]
^"The reign of Gaius Caligula (37–41) witnessed the first open break between the Jews and the Julio-Claudian empire. Until then – if one accepts Sejanus' heyday and the trouble caused by the census after Archelaus' banishment — there was usually an atmosphere of understanding between the Jews and the empire ... These relations deteriorated seriously during Caligula's reign, and, though after his death the peace was outwardly re-established, considerable bitterness remained on both sides. ... Caligula ordered that a golden statue of himself be set up in the Temple in Jerusalem. ... Only Caligula's death, at the hands of Roman conspirators (41), prevented the outbreak of a Jewish-Roman war that might well have spread to the entire East."[4]
^"In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."[5]
^"...Domitian ordered the execution of Flavius Clemens ... for Judaizing tendencies..."[6]
Referensi
^Langmuir (1971, 383), [1] cited by Abulafia (1998, part II, 77).
^Dio Cassius 67.14.1–2, 68.1.2; History of the Jewish People, H.H. Ben-Sasson editor, page 322
Daftar pustaka
Abulafia, Anna Sapir (ed)(1998). Christians and Jews in Dispute: Disputational Literature and the Rise of Anti-Judaism in the West (c. 1000-1150) (Variorum Collected Studies Series). Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate. ISBN0-86078-661-7.
Taylor, Miriam S. (1995). Anti-Judaism and Early Christian Identity: A Critique of the Scholarly Consensus. Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN9004021353.