Jaish-e-Mohammed

Jaish-e-Mohammed
Jaish-e-Mohammed
جيش محمد
	Bendera Jaish-e-Mohammed
Pemimpin	Masood Azhar
Waktu operasi	2000–sekarang
Markas	Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Ideologi	Fundamentalisme Islam
Lawan	India
Dicap sebagai organisasi teror oleh	Australia, Kanada, India, Rusia, UEA, Britania Raya, AS, PBB, dan BRICS

Jaish-e-Mohammed (bahasa Urdu: جيش محمد, secara harfiah "Tentara Muhammad", disingkat menjadi JeM) adalah sebuah kelompok teroris jihadis^[1]^[2] Deobandi^[1] berbasis di Pakistan^[3] yang aktif di Kashmir.^[4] Motif utama kelompok ini adalah untuk memisahkan Kashmir dari India dan menggabungkannya ke dalam Pakistan. Sejak didirikan pada tahun 2000, unit teror tersebut telah melakukan beberapa serangan di negara bagian Jammu dan Kashmir. Jaish-e-Mohammed memproyeksikan Kashmir sebagai "pintu gerbang" ke seluruh India, yang Muslimnya juga dianggap membutuhkan pembebasan. Setelah membebaskan Kashmir, kelompok ini bercita-cita untuk membawa 'jihad'-nya ke daerah lain di India, dengan maksud untuk mengusir umat Hindu dan non-Muslim lainnya dari anak benua India. Kelompok Jaish-e-Mohammed telah melancarkan beberapa serangan terutama di negara bagian India Jammu dan Kashmir.^[5]^[6] Kelompok ini juga memelihara hubungan dekat dengan Taliban dan Al-Qaeda di Afghanistan dan terus bersekutu dengan mereka.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Para ahli menyatakan bahwa JeM dibentuk dengan dukungan Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) Pakistan,^[1]^[11]^[12] yang menggunakannya untuk bertempur di Kashmir dan tempat-tempat lain, dan terus memberikan dukungannya.^[13]^[14] JeM telah dilarang di Pakistan sejak tahun 2002, tetapi muncul kembali dengan nama lain.^[15]^[16]^[17] Kelompok ini secara terbuka masih terus mengoperasikan beberapa fasilitas di negara tersebut.^[18]^[19]

Menurut B. Raman, Jaish-e-Mohammed dipandang sebagai "organisasi teroris yang paling mematikan" dan "utama di Jammu dan Kashmir".^[4]^[20] Kelompok ini bertanggung jawab atas beberapa serangan teror: serangan terhadap Majelis Legislatif Jammu dan Kashimir 2001, serangan Parlemen India 2001, serangan pangkalan udaran Pathankot 2016, serangan tahun 2016 terhadap Misi India di Mazari-Sharif, serangan Uri 2016, dan serangan Pulwama 2019, yang masing-masing memiliki konsekuensi strategis terhadap hubungan India dengan Pakistan.^[21] Kelompok ini ditetapkan sebagai sebuah organisasi teroris oleh Pakistan, Rusia, Australia, Kanada, India, Uni Emirat Arab, Britania Raya,^[22] Amerika Serikat, dan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa.^[23]

Pada tahun 2016, Jaish diduga bertanggung jawab atas serangan terhadap pangkalan udara Pathankot di India. Pemerintah India,^[24] dan beberapa sumber lain, menuduh Pakistan membantu Jaish dalam melancarkan serangan tersebut.^[13]^[14] Pakistan membantah membantu Jaish, dan menahan beberapa anggota Jaish sehubungan dengan serangan itu,^[25] yang kemudian dibebaskan oleh institusi keamanan menurut sebuah laporan di Dawn.^[26] Pakistan menyebut laporan itu sebagai "kebohongan".^[27]

Pada Februari 2019, kelompok ini bertanggung jawab atas serangan bom bunuh diri terhadap konvoi keamanan di Distrik Pulwama yang menewaskan lebih dari 40 personel keamanan, yang disebut sebagai salah satu serangan terbesar dalam beberapa tahun terakhir.

Referensi

^ ^a ^b ^c Moj, Deoband Madrassah Movement (2015), hlm. 98: "Deobandis like Masood Azhar, a graduate of Jamia Binouria who later set up a jihadist outfit named Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM) in 2000, reportedly at the behest of Pakistan's military establishment."
^ Jaffrelot, The Pakistan Paradox (2015), hlm. 520: "as soon as he was freed, Masood Azhar was back in Pakistan where he founded a new jihadist movement, Jaish-e-Mohammed, which became one of the jihadist groups the ISI used in Kashmir and elsewhere."
^ Cronin et al., Foreign Terrorist Organizations (2004), hlm. 40: "The JEM is a Pakistan-based, militant Islamic group founded by Maulana Masood Azhar in March 2000."
^ ^a ^b Cronin et al., Foreign Terrorist Organizations (2004), hlm. 40–43
^ "Jaish-e-Mohammad: A profile". BBC News. 2002-02-06. Diakses tanggal 2009-12-02.
^ "Attack May Spoil Kashmir Summit". SpaceWar.com. Diakses tanggal 20 May 2015.
^ Moj, Deoband Madrassah Movement (2015), hlm. 98: "In addition to guerilla activities in Kashmir, JeM kept close ties with the Taliban as well as al-Qaeda in Afghanistan."
^ Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization (2015), hlm. 921, 925, 926.
^ Bill Roggio (16 January 2016). "Pakistan again puts Jaish-e-Mohammed leader under 'protective custody'". The Long War Journal. : "In 2008, JEM recruitment posters in Pakistan contained a call from Azhar for volunteers to join the fight in Afghanistan against Western forces," according to the US Treasury’s 2010 designation of the group’s emir.
^ Riedel, Deadly Embrace (2012): "The answer is JeM's friend and ally, Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda." (p. 69) "Or as Pakistan's interior minister Rehman Malik has put it, "They — Lashkar-e-Janghvi, the Sipah-e-Sohaba Pakistan, and Jaish-e-Mohammad — are allies of the Taliban and al Qaeda" and do indeed pursue many of the same goals." (p. 100)
^ Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012), Glossary: Jaish-e-Mohammed— ... militant group... formed in 2000 by the ISI and Maulana Masud Azhar in the aftermath of the hijacking of an Air India plane to Kandahar.
^ Riedel, Deadly Embrace (2012), hlm. 69: "the ISI-supported, if not created, Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM) terror organization."
^ ^a ^b C. Christine Fair (12 January 2016), "Bringing back the Dead: Why Pakistan Used the Jaishe-Mohammad to Attack an Indian Airbase", Huffington Post, This interpretation of the attack as "peace spoiler" misses the strategic element of the ISI's revival of Jaish-e-Mohammad...
^ ^a ^b Bruce Riedel (5 January 2016). "Blame Pakistani Spy Service for Attack on Indian Air Force Base". The Daily Beast. : "His group is technically illegal in Pakistan but enjoys the continuing patronage of the ISI."
^ Riedel, Deadly Embrace (2012), hlm. 70: "But the ban was only a formality; neither organization [LeT and JeM] was seriously disrupted or dismantled. Hardly touched by the crackdown, LeT was spared the most."
^ Majidyar, Could Taliban take over Punjab? (2010), hlm. 3: "Pakistani jails have revolving doors, and even high-profile detainees like JeM leader Maulana Masood Azhar and LeT chief Hafiz Muhammad Saeed were soon free men. Banned organizations resurfaced under new names or as charities..."
^ Gregory, The ISI and the War on Terrororism (2007), hlm. 1022-1023: "However, most of those arrested were subsequently released without any charges and the separatist/terrorist groups, such as the ISI creations Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed, have been permitted to re-form, some of them under different names."
^ Shah, Saeed (13 September 2009). "Terror group builds big base under Pakistani officials' noses". McClatchy newspapers. Diakses tanggal 2 October 2016.
^ JeM’s Azhar lives freely in Pakistan, govt never detained him: Report, Hindustan Times, 26 April 2016.
^ Raman, B. (2001). "Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)—A Backgrounder". South Asia Analysis Group. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 16, 2010.
^ Praveen Swami, How significant is Jaish-e-Muhammad in Kashmir today?, The Indian Express, 10 November 2017.
^ "Terrorism Act 2000". Schedule 2, Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 2000.
^ "Sanctions List Materials - United Nations Security Council". www.un.org.
^ "India links Pakistan to deadly air base attack". PressTV. 1 March 2016. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-02-15. Diakses tanggal 2019-03-08.
^ "Pakistan arrests Jaish members in connection with India air base attack". Dawn. 13 January 2016.
^ Cyril Almeida (6 October 2016), "Exclusive: Act against militants or face international isolation, civilians tell military", Dawn, diakses tanggal 6 October 2016
^ Pakistan: Cyril Almeida of Dawn 'on Exit Control List', Al Jazeera, 11 October 2016.

Bibliografi

Abou Zahab, Abou; Roy, Olivier (2004) [first published in French in 2002], Islamist Networks: The Afghan-Pakistan Connection, diterjemahkan oleh King, John, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, ISBN 978-1-85065-704-0
Cronin, Audrey Kurth; Aden, Huda; Frost, Adam; Jones, Benjamin (6 February 2004), "Foreign Terrorist Organizations" (PDF), CRS Report for Congress, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service: 40–43, diakses tanggal 2 December 2012
Fair, C. Christine (2014), Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-989271-6
Gregory, Shaun (2007), "The ISI and the War on Terrorism", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30 (12): 1013–1031, doi:10.1080/10576100701670862, ISSN 1057-610X, ((Perlu berlangganan (help))
Gunaratna, Rohan; Kam, Stefanie (2016), Handbook of Terrorism in the Asia–Pacific, World Scientific, ISBN 978-1-78326-997-6
Honawar, Rohit (November 2005), Jaish-e-Mohammed (PDF), New Delhi: Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, diakses tanggal 11 October 2016
Bowen, Innes (2014), Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam, Hurst, ISBN 978-1-84904-529-2
Jaffrelot, Christophe (2015), The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-023518-5
Majidyar, Ahmad (June 2010), Could the Taliban Take Over Pakistan's Punjab Province? (PDF), American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, diakses tanggal 16 October 2016
Popovic, Milos (2015), "The Perils of Weak Organization: Explaining Loyalty and Defection of Militant Organizations toward Pakistan", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38 (11): 919–937, doi:10.1080/1057610X.2015.1063838
Moj, Muhammad (2015), The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies, Anthem Press, ISBN 978-1-78308-389-3
"Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)". United States Department of State. 11 October 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 17 April 2009.
Moore, John (2001). "The Evolution of Islamic Terrorism: An Overview". Frontline: Target America. PBS Online and WGBH/Frontline. Diakses tanggal 2009-12-02.
Rashid, Ahmed (2012), Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia, Penguin Books Limited, ISBN 978-0-14-191909-6
Riedel, Bruce O. (2012), Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad, Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 0-8157-2274-5

Pranala luar

[Moj_intro-1] Moj, Deoband Madrassah Movement (2015), hlm. 98: "Deobandis like Masood Azhar, a graduate of Jamia Binouria who later set up a jihadist outfit named Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM) in 2000, reportedly at the behest of Pakistan's military establishment."

[Jaffrelot_intro-2] Jaffrelot, The Pakistan Paradox (2015), hlm. 520: "as soon as he was freed, Masood Azhar was back in Pakistan where he founded a new jihadist movement, Jaish-e-Mohammed, which became one of the jihadist groups the ISI used in Kashmir and elsewhere."

[congressional_base-3] Cronin et al., Foreign Terrorist Organizations (2004), hlm. 40: "The JEM is a Pakistan-based, militant Islamic group founded by Maulana Masood Azhar in March 2000."

[congressional-4] Cronin et al., Foreign Terrorist Organizations (2004), hlm. 40–43

[bbcprofile-5] "Jaish-e-Mohammad: A profile". BBC News. 2002-02-06. Diakses tanggal 2009-12-02.

[6] "Attack May Spoil Kashmir Summit". SpaceWar.com. Diakses tanggal 20 May 2015.

[Moj2-7] Moj, Deoband Madrassah Movement (2015), hlm. 98: "In addition to guerilla activities in Kashmir, JeM kept close ties with the Taliban as well as al-Qaeda in Afghanistan."

[FOOTNOTEPopovic,_The_Perils_of_Weak_Organization2015921,_925,_926-8] Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization (2015), hlm. 921, 925, 926.

[Roggio_2016-9] Bill Roggio (16 January 2016). "Pakistan again puts Jaish-e-Mohammed leader under 'protective custody'". The Long War Journal. : "In 2008, JEM recruitment posters in Pakistan contained a call from Azhar for volunteers to join the fight in Afghanistan against Western forces," according to the US Treasury’s 2010 designation of the group’s emir.

[Riedel_Al-Qaeda-10] Riedel, Deadly Embrace (2012): "The answer is JeM's friend and ally, Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda." (p. 69) "Or as Pakistan's interior minister Rehman Malik has put it, "They — Lashkar-e-Janghvi, the Sipah-e-Sohaba Pakistan, and Jaish-e-Mohammad — are allies of the Taliban and al Qaeda" and do indeed pursue many of the same goals." (p. 100)

[11] Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012), Glossary: Jaish-e-Mohammed— ... militant group... formed in 2000 by the ISI and Maulana Masud Azhar in the aftermath of the hijacking of an Air India plane to Kandahar.

[Riedel_intro-12] Riedel, Deadly Embrace (2012), hlm. 69: "the ISI-supported, if not created, Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM) terror organization."

[Fair_ISI-13] C. Christine Fair (12 January 2016), "Bringing back the Dead: Why Pakistan Used the Jaishe-Mohammad to Attack an Indian Airbase", Huffington Post, This interpretation of the attack as "peace spoiler" misses the strategic element of the ISI's revival of Jaish-e-Mohammad...

[Riedel_ISI-14] Bruce Riedel (5 January 2016). "Blame Pakistani Spy Service for Attack on Indian Air Force Base". The Daily Beast. : "His group is technically illegal in Pakistan but enjoys the continuing patronage of the ISI."

[Riedel_ban-15] Riedel, Deadly Embrace (2012), hlm. 70: "But the ban was only a formality; neither organization [LeT and JeM] was seriously disrupted or dismantled. Hardly touched by the crackdown, LeT was spared the most."

[Majidyar_ban-16] Majidyar, Could Taliban take over Punjab? (2010), hlm. 3: "Pakistani jails have revolving doors, and even high-profile detainees like JeM leader Maulana Masood Azhar and LeT chief Hafiz Muhammad Saeed were soon free men. Banned organizations resurfaced under new names or as charities..."

[Gregory_ban-17] Gregory, The ISI and the War on Terrororism (2007), hlm. 1022-1023: "However, most of those arrested were subsequently released without any charges and the separatist/terrorist groups, such as the ISI creations Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed, have been permitted to re-form, some of them under different names."

[mcclatchy-18] Shah, Saeed (13 September 2009). "Terror group builds big base under Pakistani officials' noses". McClatchy newspapers. Diakses tanggal 2 October 2016.

[livesfreely-19] JeM’s Azhar lives freely in Pakistan, govt never detained him: Report, Hindustan Times, 26 April 2016.

[braman-20] Raman, B. (2001). "Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)—A Backgrounder". South Asia Analysis Group. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 16, 2010.

[Praveen_Swami-21] Praveen Swami, How significant is Jaish-e-Muhammad in Kashmir today?, The Indian Express, 10 November 2017.

[Proscribed-22] "Terrorism Act 2000". Schedule 2, Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 2000.

[23] "Sanctions List Materials - United Nations Security Council". www.un.org.

[24] "India links Pakistan to deadly air base attack". PressTV. 1 March 2016. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-02-15. Diakses tanggal 2019-03-08.

[25] "Pakistan arrests Jaish members in connection with India air base attack". Dawn. 13 January 2016.

[26] Cyril Almeida (6 October 2016), "Exclusive: Act against militants or face international isolation, civilians tell military", Dawn, diakses tanggal 6 October 2016

[27] Pakistan: Cyril Almeida of Dawn 'on Exit Control List', Al Jazeera, 11 October 2016.

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Jaish-e-Mohammed

Referensi

Bibliografi

Pranala luar

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