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Merbah

Merbah
Merbah cerukcuk,
Pycnonotus goiavier dari Bali
Klasifikasi ilmiah Sunting klasifikasi ini
Domain: Eukaryota
Kerajaan: Animalia
Filum: Chordata
Kelas: Aves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Infraordo: Passerides
Parvordo: Sylviida
Famili: Pycnonotidae
Gray, GR, 1840
Marga

Spizixos
Pycnonotus
Andropadus
Baeopogon
Ixonotus
Chlorocichla
Thescelocichla
Phyllastrephus
Bleda
Nicator
Criniger
Alophoixus
Setornis
Tricholestes
Iole
Hemixos
Hypsipetes
Neolestes

Merbah atau disebut juga cucak-cucakan (familia Pycnonotidae) adalah suku burung pengicau dari Afrika dan Asia tropis. Burung-burung ini kebanyakan memiliki suara yang merdu dan nyanyian yang beraneka ragam, kerap kali hutan menjadi ribut oleh suaranya terutama di pagi dan petang hari. Dalam bahasa Inggris, burung-burung ini dikenal sebagai Bulbuls.

Merbah aslinya dalam bahasa Melayu merujuk kepada beberapa jenis burung pengicau yang berbulu suram di semak belukar, termasuk pula jenis-jenis burung pelanduk, tepus, bentet dan lain-lain. Di sini, untuk kepentingan standardisasi penamaan seperti yang digunakan LIPI, merbah digunakan terbatas untuk menyebut burung-burung dari keluarga Pycnonotidae. Selain disebut merbah, burung-burung dari suku ini memiliki beberapa sebutan umum yang lain seperti cucak (Jawa); tempuruk, empuruk; tempulu’, empulu’, pampulu, empuloh (aneka bahasa Melayu di Sumatra dan Kalimantan); dan lain-lain.

Berukuran sedang, burung-burung ini biasanya bertubuh sedang agak ramping, leher pendek, dan ekor agak panjang. Kerap kali bermisai halus.

Sebagian spesiesnya memiliki warna-warni yang cerah: kuning, jingga, merah, pada dada, perut atau seluruh tubuhnya. Akan tetapi kebanyakan berwarna suram cokelat zaitun, keabu-abuan atau kekuningan, dengan warna kuning, jingga atau merah di pantatnya. Jantan dan betina berwarna serupa.

Beberapa dengan warna hitam di kepala, jambul yang dapat digerak-gerakkan, atau janggut putih.

Kebiasaan

Merbah terutama adalah burung pemakan buah-buahan dan serangga. Di hutan, kebanyakan burung ini senang menjelajah semak belukar dan hutan yang setengah terbuka, memetik aneka buah kecil-kecil dan memburu serangga. Meski sebagian lagi lebih senang tinggal di atas pepohonan.

Sering didapati berpasangan atau berkelompok, burung-burung ini kadang-kadang bercampur dengan jenis yang lain. Ramai bersuara nyaring saling memanggil.

Merbah membuat sarang di atas pohon atau perdu, berbentuk cawan dari rumput, tangkai daun, atau serpihan daun, bercampur dengan serat-serat yang lain. Telur 2-3 butir.

Ragam Jenis

Di Indonesia terdapat sekitar 27 jenis, terutama terkonsentrasi penyebarannya di Indonesia bagian barat. Hanya dua spesies yang menyebar jauh hingga ke Sulawesi Selatan, salah satunya juga didapati di Lombok. Namun keduanya diduga menyebar karena dibawa manusia (feral, burung lepasan yang kemudian berbiak).

Akan tetapi anehnya ada satu jenis anggota suku ini yang menyebar terbatas (endemik) di pulau-pulau sekitar Sulawesi dan Maluku, yakni Brinji emas (Alophoixus (Hypsipetes) affinis). Bahkan karena hidup di wilayah kepulauan yang terisolasi satu sama lain selama jutaan tahun, spesies ini telah berkembang menjadi sembilan subspesies yang berbeda.

Beberapa contoh anggota suku merbah ini adalah:

Bahan Bacaan

  • Coates, B.J. and K.D. Bishop. 2000. Panduan lapangan Burung-burung di Kawasan Wallacea. BirdLife IP & Dove Publication. Bogor. ISBN 979-95794-2-2
  • King, B., M. Woodcock, and E.C. Dickinson. 1975. A Field Guide to The Birds of South-East Asia. Collins. London. ISBN 0-00-219206-3
  • MacKinnon, J. 1993. Panduan lapangan pengenalan Burung-burung di Jawa dan Bali. Gadjah Mada University Press. Jogyakarta. ISBN 979-420-150-2
  • MacKinnon, J., K. Phillipps, and B. van Balen. 2000. Burung-burung di Sumatra, Jawa, Bali dan Kalimantan. LIPI dan BirdLife IP. Bogor. ISBN 979-579-013-7

Pranala luar

(Inggris) Suku Pycnonotidae pada ITIS Database Diarsipkan 2006-03-07 di Wayback Machine., diakses pada 02/8/2006

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