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1170s in England

Events from the 1170s in England.

Incumbents

Monarch – Henry II

Events

1170

April – Inquest of Sheriffs: Henry II looks into the financial dealings of local officials.^[1]
14 June – Henry II has his 15-year-old son Henry the Young King crowned by Roger, Archbishop of York, as junior king and heir to the English throne.^[2] The coronation drives the Pope to allow the exiled Thomas Becket (whose privilege as Archbishop of Canterbury to crown monarchs has been infringed) to lay an interdict on England as punishment, and this threat forces Henry to negotiate with Becket. Sir William Marshal is appointed tutor-in-arms to Henry the Young King.
22 July – Becket controversy: Reconciliation between Henry II and Becket at Fréteval in Western France.^[2]
21 September – Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland: Following a siege, combined Anglo-Norman and Irish forces led by Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, seize the city of Dublin, forcing Ascall mac Ragnaill, last King of Dublin, into exile.^[1]
November – Becket excommunicates three bishops.^[3]
1 December – Becket controversy: Henry II sends word that his conflict with Becket is at an end, and his lands will be restored. Becket returns to England, landing at Sandwich, Kent.
25 December – Becket preaches in Canterbury Cathedral.
29 December – murder of Thomas Becket by four of Henry II's knights – Reginald Fitzurse, Hugh de Morville, William de Tracy and Richard le Breton (who believe themselves to be carrying out the king's wishes) – inside Canterbury Cathedral, after his refusal to be arrested for breaking his agreement with Henry II.^[2]
Earliest record of the making of Cheddar cheese in Somerset.^[4]

1171

16 October – Henry II lands in Ireland and declares himself Lord of Ireland.^[2]

1172

17 April – Henry leaves Ireland, having received the support of the Church and princes for his claim.^[1]
21 May – in Avranches Cathedral, Henry II performs a ceremony of penance for the death of Becket. This leads to the Compromise of Avranches which absolves him from censure for the murder and ends the Becket controversy, reconciling him with the papacy.^[5]
Summer – 14-year-old Prince Richard is formally recognized as duke of Aquitaine at a ceremony in Poitiers.^[6]
27 August – formal marriage and coronation of Henry the Young King, son of Henry II, and Margaret of France by Rotrou (archbishop of Rouen) at Winchester Cathedral.^[7]^[3]
Henry II and Humbert III, Count of Savoy, agree to the marriage of their respective heirs, John and Alicia, although the Revolt of 1173–1174 and death of Alicia prevent this from taking place.^[3]

1173

21 February – canonisation of Thomas Becket; his tomb at Canterbury becomes a shrine and popular pilgrimage destination.^[1]
March – Henry the Young King withdraws to the French court, marking the beginning of the Revolt of 1173–1174, a dispute between Henry II, Eleanor of Aquitaine and three of their sons over the territories they control. Eleanor is placed under de facto house arrest. William I of Scotland invades the North of England in support of the rebellion.^[8]

1174

7 April – Richard of Dover enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury.
8 July – Henry the Young King and Eleanor of Aquitaine take ship for England from Barfleur. As soon as they disembark at Southampton, Eleanor is imprisoned in the care of Ralph fitzStephen, in which condition she remains until 1189.
12 July – Henry II does penance at Canterbury for the murder of Becket.^[2]
13 July – Battle of Alnwick: William I of Scotland is captured by Ranulf de Glanvill after attacking England in support of the revolt.^[1]
5 September – the choir of Canterbury Cathedral is destroyed by fire.^[2]
30 September – Treaty of Montlouis: the rebellion of Henry II's sons ends peacefully.^[2]
8 December – Treaty of Falaise signed between Henry II and William I of Scotland permits William's release in return for homage.^[1]
Horse racing at Newmarket is first recorded, making it the earliest known racing venue of the post-classical era.

1175

Henry's son, Richard, begins to subjugate remaining rebels against English rule in Aquitaine.^[1]
October – Treaty of Windsor: Henry II recognises Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair as High King of Ireland in return for payment of tribute.^[1]

1176

January – the Assize of Northampton passed, making criminal penalties more severe.^[2]
Construction of the first stone-built London Bridge begins.^[9]

1177

May – Council of Oxford: Henry II grants Cork and Limerick to English barons, provides for the administration of Leinster and makes his son, John of England, Lord of Ireland.^[1] He also grants lordships in Shropshire to his brother-in-law, Prince Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd.
21 September – Pact of Ivry: Non-aggression treaty between England and France, which also lays the foundations for the Third Crusade.^[1]
Byland Abbey is established on its final site in Yorkshire by the Cistercians.
Abbas Benedictus becomes abbot of Peterborough.
Possible date – Richard FitzNeal begins to write his treatise Dialogus de Scaccario ("Dialogue concerning the Exchequer").

1178

Foundation of the first Carthusian abbey in England, at Witham in Somerset.^[1]

1179

April – establishment of the Grand Assize, using a jury to decide legal claims over property ownership, instead of trial by combat.^[1]
Richard completes the subjugation of Aquitaine.^[1]
Preston, Lancashire, is granted a Guild Merchant charter by Henry II.
Woodstock, Oxfordshire, is granted a market charter by Henry II.
William the Englishman takes over the rebuilding of the choir and Trinity Chapel of Canterbury Cathedral after the previous architect, William of Sens, is injured in a fall,^[1] introducing the Early English Gothic style of architecture.^[10]
Westminster School is founded by the monks of Westminster Abbey.

Births

1171

Matilda of Chester, Countess of Huntingdon (died 1233 in Scotland)

1172

Ranulph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester (died 1232)

1174

20 November(?) – Edmund of Abingdon, archbishop, sanctified (died 1240)

1175

Robert Grosseteste, statesman, theologian and bishop (approximate date; died 1253)

1176

Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (died 1220)
William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (approximate date; died 1226)

1177

Robert de Ros, baron (died 1226)

Deaths

1170

29 December – Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury (born c. 1118)

1171

8 August – Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester since 1129 (born 1111)

1173

Roger de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford (born 1116)

1176

25 October – William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel, politician (born c. 1109)
Rosamund Clifford, mistress of Henry II of England (born 1150)

1177

Before March – Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk (born 1095)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 69–72. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 126–127. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c Warren, W. L. (1973). Henry II. University of California Press. pp. 29, 111, 506–9.
^ According to a royal pipe roll.
^ "Becket, the Church and Henry II". Retrieved 2007-12-14.
^ Turner, Ralph; Heiser, Richard (2013). The Reign of Richard Lionheart: ruler of the Angevin empire, 1189-99. London: Routledge; Taylor and Francis. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-317-8904-23.
^ Weir, Alison (1999). Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Life. Ballantine Books. p. 195.
^ Morgan, Kenneth O. (1998). The Oxford Popular History of Britain. Parragon. ISBN 0-7525-2572-7.
^ Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher (1995). The London Encyclopaedia. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-57688-8.
^ Sutton, Ian (1999). Architecture, from Ancient Greece to the Present. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20316-3.

Years in England (927–present)

10th century
1000s

11th century
1000s 1010s 1020s 1030s 1040s 1050s 1060s 1070s 1080s 1090s 1100s

12th century
1100s 1110s 1120s 1130s 1140s 1150s 1160s 1170s 1180s 1190s 1200s

13th century
1200s 1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s 1290s 1300s

14th century
1300s 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s 1360s 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s

15th century
1400s 1410s 1420s 1430s 1440s 1447 1448 1450s 1455 1456 1457 1458 1459 1460s 1470s 1480s 1490s 1500s

16th century
1500s 1504 1505 1506 1507 1510s 1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s 1560s 1570s 1579 1580s 1590s 1600s

17th century

18th century
1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707

19th century

20th century
1944 1945 1946 1960 1974 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

21st century
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

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