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Japji Sahib

Not to be confused with Jaap Sahib.
Japji Sahib
by Guru Nanak
Japji Sahib composition of the Kartarpur Bir written by Bhai Gurdas under the supervision of Guru Arjan, ca.1604
Original titleਜਪੁਜੀ ਸਾਹਿਬ or ਜਪੁ ਜੀ ਸਾਹਿਬ
Written16th century
First published inAdi Granth, 1604
LanguageGurmukhi
Subject(s)Spirituality
Genre(s)Religion
Lines38 Stanzas
Followed bySo Dar Aasa (ਸੋ ਦਰੁ ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ ਮਹਲਾ ੧)
Part of a series on the
Guru Granth Sahib
ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ
Popular compositions
Other compositions
Various aspects
Poetical metres, modes, measures, and rhythms

Japji Sahib (Punjabi: ਜਪੁਜੀ ਸਾਹਿਬ, pronunciation: [d͡ʒəpʊd͡ʒiː sɛː́b]) is the Sikh thesis, that appears at the beginning of the Guru Granth Sahib – the scripture of the Sikhs. Jap is the original name of the prayer and to show respect, it is called Jap-ji Sahib. It was composed by Guru Angad, and is mostly the writings of Guru Nanak. It begins with Mool Mantra and then follow 38 paudis (stanzas) and completed with a final Salok by Guru Angad at the end of this composition.[1] The 38 stanzas are in different poetic meters.[2]

Japji Sahib is the first composition of Guru Nanak, and is considered the comprehensive essence of Sikhism.[1] Expansion and elaboration of Japji Sahib is the entire Guru Granth Sahib. It is first Bani in Nitnem. Notable is Nanak's discourse on 'what is true worship' and what is the nature of God'.[3][4] According to Christopher Shackle, it is designed for "individual meditative recitation" and as the first item of daily devotional prayer for the devout.[2] It is a chant found in the morning and evening prayers in Sikh gurdwaras.[5] It is also chanted in the Sikh tradition at the Khalsa initiation ceremony and during the cremation ceremony.[1]

Related to Japji Sahib is the Jaap Sahib (Punjabi: ਜਾਪੁ ਸਾਹਿਬ), the latter is found at the start of Dasam Granth and was composed by Guru Gobind Singh.[1][6]

Etymology

Japa (Sanskrit: जप) means the recitation of a mantra. The Sanskrit word japa is derived from the root jap-, meaning "to utter in a low voice, repeat internally, mutter".[7][8]

Following are some accepted meanings of Jap:

  • A conventional meaning for Jap(u) is to recite, to repeat, or to chant.[3]
  • Jap also means to understand. Gurbani cites Aisa Giaan Japo Man Mere, Hovo Chakar Sache Kere, where the word Jap means to understand wisdom.[9]

Content

19th century commentary on the Japji Sahib
Mural of Guru Nanak presenting and chanting the Japji Sahib in the presence of Guru Angad with Bhai Bala to side with a fly-whisk, circa 19th century. The Mul Mantar is inscribed to the left.

The Japji Sahib’s first stanza or pauri states that one cannot be cleaned or stay clean by repeatedly taking bath at holy sites as the thoughts are not clean, by silence alone one cannot find peace as the thoughts come one after another in our mind, by food and all material gains alone one cannot satisfy one's hunger, to be purified one must abide in love of the divine.[10] Hymn 2 asserts that by God's command the ups and downs in life happen, it is He who causes suffering and happiness, it is He whose command brings release from rebirth, and it is His command by which one lives in perpetual cycles of rebirth from karma.[10][11]

With good karmas in past life and his grace is the gate to mukti (liberation); in him is everything, states verse 4.[10] The verse 5 states that He has endless virtues, so one must sing His name, listen, and keep the love for Him in one's heart.[10][12] The Guru's shabda (word) is the protecting sound and wisdom of the Vedas, the Guru is Shiva, Vishnu (Gorakh) and Brahma, and the Guru is mother Parvati and Lakshmi.[13][14] All living beings abide in Him. Verse 6 to 15 describe the value of listening to the word and having faith, for it is the faith that liberates.[11] God is formless and indescribable, state verses 16 to 19.[14] It is remembering His name that cleanses, liberates states Hymn 20. Hymns 21 through 27 revere the nature and name of God, stating that man's life is like a river that does not know the vastness of ocean it journeys to join, that all literature from Vedas to Puranas speak of Him, Brahma speaks, Siddhas speak, Yogi speaks, Shiva speaks, the silent sages speak, the Buddha speaks, the Krishna speaks, the humble Sewadars speak, yet one cannot describe Him completely with all the words in the world.[11][15]

Verse 30 states that He watches all, but none can see Him. God is the primal one, the pure light, without beginning, without end, the never changing constant, states Hymn 31.[16]

Japji Sahib and Jaap Sahib

The Guru Granth Sahib starts with Japji Sahib, while Dasam Granth starts with Jaap Sahib.[1] Guru Nanak is credited with the former, while Guru Gobind Singh is credited with the latter.[1] Jaap Sahib is structured as a stotra that are commonly found in 1st millennium CE Hindu literature. The Jaap Sahib, unlike the Japji Sahib, is composed predominantly in Braj-Hindi and the Sanskrit language, with a few Arabic and Persian words, and with 199 stanzas making it longer than Japji Sahib.[1] The Jaap Sahib is, like Japji Sahib, in praise of God as the unchanging, loving, unborn, ultimate power and includes within it 950 names of God,[1] starting with Brahma, Shiva, Vishnu and moving on to over 900 names and avatars of gods and goddesses found in Hindu traditions, with the assertion that these are all manifestations of the One, the limitless eternal creator.[6] This is similar to Sahasranama texts of India, and for this reason this part is also called as Akal Sahasranama.[6] The text includes Arabic and Persian words for God such as Khuda and Allah. The Japu Sahib includes a mention of God as wielder of weapons, consistent with the martial spirit of Dasam Granth.[1]

  • Japji Sahib composition of Guru Nanak inscribed on a plate of the 'Charaina' (translates to “four mirrors”) body armour worn by Guru Gobind Singh in the battle of Bhangani, ca.1688
    Japji Sahib composition of Guru Nanak inscribed on a plate of the 'Charaina' (translates to “four mirrors”) body armour worn by Guru Gobind Singh in the battle of Bhangani, ca.1688
  • Artwork of Guru Nanak with Japji Sahib inscribed all over
    Artwork of Guru Nanak with Japji Sahib inscribed all over

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i HS Singha (2009), The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Hemkunt Press, ISBN 978-8170103011, page 110
  2. ^ a b Christopher Shackle (2014). Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
  3. ^ a b S Deol (1998), Japji: The Path of Devotional Meditation, ISBN 978-0-9661027-0-3, page 11
  4. ^ B Singh and GP Singh (2007), Japji, Hemkunt Press, ISBN 81-7010-182-4, pages 17–42
  5. ^ W.O. Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (2016). Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study. Springer. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-349-23049-5.
  6. ^ a b c Amarjit Singh (1985), Concept of God in Jap Sahib, Studies in Sikhism and Comparative Religion, Volume 4, pages 84-102
  7. ^ Teeuwen, Mark (2013). Buddhism and Nativism: Framing Identity Discourse in Buddhist Environments. Brill. pp. 198, 216. ISBN 9789004255685. japa: Sanskrit for Vedic murmurings
  8. ^ Apte, V.S. (1998). The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary. p. 447. ISBN 9788120815681.
  9. ^ Nihang, Dharam Singh. Naad Ved Vichar (in Punjabi). India. p. 20. ਐਸਾ ਗਿਆਨੁ ਜਪਹੁ ਮਨ ਮੇਰੇ।। ਹੋਵਹੁ ਚਾਕਰ ਸਾਚੇ ਕੇਰੇ (ਪੰਨਾ ੭੨੮)
  10. ^ a b c d S Deol (1998), Japji: The Path of Devotional Meditation, ISBN 978-0966102703, page 29-32
  11. ^ a b c Kamaljeet Singh Dogra (2006), Prayer at Dawn, Trafford, ISBN 978-1-4251-0237-1, pages 17–61
  12. ^ B Singh and GP Singh (2007), Japji, Hemkunt Press, ISBN 81-7010-182-4, pages 26–29
  13. ^ Pashaura Singh (2000), The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-564894-2, pages 249–250
  14. ^ a b S Deol (1998), Japji: The Path of Devotional Meditation, ISBN 978-0-9661027-0-3, pages 32–39
  15. ^ S Deol (1998), Japji: The Path of Devotional Meditation, ISBN 978-0-9661027-0-3, pages 38–53
  16. ^ Kamaljeet Singh Dogra (2006), Prayer at Dawn, Trafford, ISBN 978-1-4251-0237-1, pages 67–93
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