Panoan languages (dark green) and Tacanan languages (clear green). Circles indicate locations of modern languages.
Pano-Tacanan (also Pano-Takana, Pano-Takánan, Pano-Tacana, Páno-Takána) is a proposed family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, Bolivia and northern Paraguay. There are two close-knit branches, Panoan and Tacanan (Adelaar & Muysken 2004; Kaufman 1990, 1994), with 33 languages. There are lexical and grammatical similarities between the two branches, but it has not yet been demonstrated that these are genetic (Loos 1999).
Most Panoan languages are spoken in either Peru or western Brazil; a few are in Bolivia. All Tacanan languages are spoken in Bolivia (Ese’ejja is also spoken in Peru).
Genealogical relations
Migliazza has presented lexical evidence in support of a genetic relationship between the Panoan and Yanomaman languages. He also suggests that a Panoan–Chibchan relationship is plausible.[1]
Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawakan languages due to contact.[2]
Comparison
Below is a list of lexical cognates shared between Proto-Pano and Proto-Takana, demonstrating the genetic relatedness of the Pano and Takana branches. The two branches also share many basic cognate grammatical morphemes.[3]
gloss
proto-Pano
proto-Takana
proto-Pano-Takana
tree
*hiwi
*akwi
**hegwi
tooth
*ʂɨ-
*t͡ʂe-
**ʂɨ-
two
*ɾa-ßɨta
*beta
**bɨta
liver
*takwa
*takwa
**takwa
leaf
*pɨɁi
*pei ‘to fan’
**pɨɁi
bone
*ʂao
*t͡ʂau
**ʂau
tongue
*hana
*ana
**hana
hand
*mɨ-
*me-
**mɨ-
night
*(ya)mɨtV
*meta
**mɨta
skin
*ßitsi
*biti
**bitsi
fire
*tsiɁi
*ti
**tsiɁi
knee
*ɾã-
*da
**da-n
blood
*himi
*ami
**hemi
breast
*ʂo-
*aṭṣu
**aṣu
sun
*ßari
*badi ‘moon’
**badi
I
*Ɂɨ
*e
**Ɂɨ
you (sg.)
*mi
*mi
**mi
come
*ßɨ- ‘come, bring’
*be- ‘bring’
**bɨ-
flesh
*nami
*ɾami
**Nami
fat (n.)
*ʂɨni
*ṭṣeri
**ṣɨNi
fingernail
*mɨ̃-tsis[i]
*metiji
**mɨ-tsizi
foot, leg
*ta- ‘foot’
*ta- ‘leg’
**ta-
lip, edge
*kwɨ-
*kwe(i)-
**kwɨ ~ **kɨ-
cheek
*tamo
*tamu
**tamu
mouth
*kwɨʂa[CV]
*kwat͡ʂa
**kweʂa
elbow
*βaȿ(u)-
*–batʂu
**baṣu
howler monkey
*ɾoʔo
*duʔu
**duʔu
mother
*ɨwa
*e-kwa
**ɨ-kwa
big
*ani
*aɾi
**aNi
flute
*ɾɨwɨ
*dewe
**dɨwɨ
hole
*kini
*kani
**keni
Bibliography
Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-509427-1.
Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN0-292-70414-3.
Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). "The native languages of South America." In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
Suárez, Jorge A. (1973). Macro-Pano-Tacanan. In International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 137-154. The University of Chicago Press. Accessed from DiACL.
References
^American Indian Languages, Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, Campbell, Lyle, 2000.
