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Umm az-Zinat

Umm az Zinat
أُم الزينات
Etymology: the place of ornamentation or of festivals[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Umm az-Zinat (click the buttons)
Umm az Zinat is located in Mandatory Palestine
Umm az Zinat
Umm az Zinat
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 32°38′53″N 35°03′55″E / 32.64806°N 35.06528°E / 32.64806; 35.06528
Palestine grid156/228
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictHaifa
Date of depopulationMay 1948[4]
Area
[3]
 • Total
22,156 dunams (22.156 km2 or 8.554 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total
1,470[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationFear of being caught up in the fighting
Current LocalitiesEliakim[5][6]

Umm az-Zinat (Arabic: أُم الزينات, Umm ez Zînât) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Haifa Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1948 War on May 15, 1948, by Golani Brigade's Fourth Battalion. It was located 20.5 km southeast of Haifa.

History

Ceramics from the Byzantine era have been found here.[7] Several rock cut tombs were found south and south west of the village. They have been dated to the Christian era.[8]

Ottoman era

In 1859, the English Consul Rogers stated that the population was 350 souls, with 25 feddans of cultivation.[9]

In 1870, Victor Guérin found the village to have four hundred and fifty inhabitants. Some gardens were surrounded by a cactus. The medhafeh, or guest house, also served as a mosque.[10]

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described the village as: "A good-sized village on a saddle, built principally of stone, with a well on the south. This seems to be an ancient site, having many well-cut rock-tombs."[9]

A population list from about 1887 showed that Umm ez-Zeinat had about 750 inhabitants; all Muslims.[11]

Umm al-Zinat had an elementary school for boys which was founded by the Ottomans in 1888.

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine Umm al-Zainat had a population of 787; 782 Muslims and 5 Christians,[12] where the Christians were all Melkite.[13] This had increased in the 1931 census to 1,020 Muslims and 9 Christians, in a total of 209 houses.[14]

In the 1945 statistics, the village had a population of 1,470; 1,450 Muslims and 20 Christians,[2] with a total of 22,156 dunams of land.[3] Of this, 1,742 dunums of land were for plantations and irrigable land, 9,879 for cereals,[15] while 69 dunams were classified as built-up land.[16]

1948, aftermath

Umm az-Zinat became depopulated in May 1948.[4] In early May, it was reported that the women and children of Umm az-Zinat had been evacuated.[17]

One of the villagers said that "One day before the fall of Umm al-Zaynat, three men from the settlement of Ein HaEmek entered our village, warning us that the Haganah forces were preparing to enter our village, where their aim was to intimidate us to flee, and leave the village. Some of them feared and fled, and some of them remained and waited for their fate."[18]

The Golani Brigade took the village on 15 May, 1948, and expelled the remaining villagers. In August 1948 Israeli troops returned, with orders to kill any males and expel any females they found in the village. At least 2 Palestinian men were killed, and a number of females were expelled.[19][20][21]

In 1949 Eliakim was established, just south of the village site.[6]

In 1992 the village site was described: "The houses have been reduced to rubble, piles of which are scattered over the site. The site itself is overgrown with thorns, bushes, cactuses, and pomegranate and fig trees. There is also a small forest on part of the site. The village's cemetery is still visible. Part of the surrounding land is used by Israeli farmers as cattle pasture and is planted with fruit and olive trees."[6]

References

  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 155
  2. ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 15
  3. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 49
  4. ^ a b Morris, 2004, p. xviii, village #164. Also gives cause of depopulation.
  5. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xxii, settlement #117
  6. ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 200
  7. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 694
  8. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. 71-72
  9. ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 43
  10. ^ Guérin, 1875, pp. 244-245, 299
  11. ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 178
  12. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 33
  13. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. 49
  14. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 97
  15. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 92
  16. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 142
  17. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 175, note #67, p. 268
  18. ^ "الرفيق ابراهيم الفحماوي-أبو وائل- من أم الزينات الى الحليصة.بقلم د. خالد تركي - حيفا". 17 August 2009.
  19. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 244, notes #618-622, p. 297
  20. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 299
  21. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 444, note #192, p.460

Bibliography
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