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Калійныя солі

Полікрышталічны паташ, побач для параўнання манета ў 1 цэнт ЗША (манета мае дыяметр 19 мм і медны колер).

Каліевыя солі[1] (паташ[2], калійныя солі) — асадкавыя горныя пароды, складзеныя з лёгкарастваральных каліевых і каліева-магніевых мінералаў: сільвіну, карналіту, палігаліту і інш. Карысныя выкапні, пашыраныя ў асадкавай абалонцы Зямлі, залягаюць пластамі, лінзамі, купаламі, гнёздамі. Колькасць аксіду калію[en] К2О у прамысловых пакладах 12-30 %.

Вырабляюцца ва ўсім свеце ў аб’ёмах, якія перавышаюць 71,9 мільёна тон (~45,4 мільёна тон у эквіваленце K2O[3][4]). Найбуйнейшы вытворца паташу — Канада[5]. Асноўнае прамысловае значэнне — вытворчасць калійных угнаенняў. Калій быў упершыню атрыманы ў 1807 годзе шляхам электролізу каўстычнага паташу (гідраксіду калію[en])[6].

У Беларусі паклады калійных солей сканцэнтраваны ў паўночнай частцы Прыпяцкага прагіну: Старобінскае радовішча ў Мінскай вобласці і Петрыкаўскае радовішча ў Гомельскай вобласці. Агульныя запасы калійных солей ацэньваюцца ў 6,5 млрд тон. Старобінскае радовішча распрацоўваецца вытворчым аб’яднаннем «Беларуськалій».

Тэрміналогія

Паташом называюцца злучэнні калію і матэрыялы з каліем у складзе, найчасцей карбанат калію[en] (K2CO3). Слова «паташ» вядомае яшчэ ў старабеларускай мове і паходзіць ад сярэдненідэрландскага[en] «potaschen», што значыць «попел з гаршку»[7][8]. Раней карбанат калію выраблялі выпарваннем замочанага дрэўнага попелу[en] ў вялікіх жалезных гаршках, адкуль і пайшла назва[9]. Каля 10 % ад вагі звычайнага дрэўнага попелу можа быць ператворана ў паташ[10][11]. Пазней слова распаўсюдзілася на прыродныя мінералы з каліем і прадукты іх перапрацоўкі[12].

Крыніцы

  1. ↑ калій - Тлумачальны слоўнік беларускай літаратурнай мовы (2002, правапіс да 2008 г.).
  2. ↑ potash - Англійска-беларускі слоўнік (Т. Суша, 2013, актуальны правапіс).
  3. ↑ Production and use of potassium chloride. International Potash Institute.
  4. ↑ "Production and Use of Potassium" (PDF). Better Crops. 82 (3): 6. 1998 – via International Plant Nutrition Institute.
  5. ↑ Potash facts. natural-resources.canada.ca (23 студзеня 2018). Праверана 6 верасня 2023.
  6. ↑ Knight, David (1992). Humphry Davy: Science and Power. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 66. ISBN 9780631168164.
  7. ↑ POTAS (SCHEIKUNDIG ELEMENT) (гал.). Etymologiebank (17 лістапада 2010). Праверана 14 August 2016.
  8. ↑ Паташ - Этымалагічны слоўнік беларускай мовы (1978-2017).
  9. ↑ Harper, Douglas. potash. Online Etymology Dictionary.
  10. ↑ Stephen M. Jasinski. "Potash". USGS.
  11. ↑ "Potash". The Canadian Encyclopedia. March 4, 2015. Праверана August 31, 2019.
  12. ↑ "The World Potash Industry: Past, Present and Future" (PDF). New Orleans, LA: 50th Anniversary Meeting The Fertilizer Industry Round Table. 2000.(недаступная спасылка)

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