1000s (decade)
Decade
The 1000s (pronounced "one-thousands") was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1000, and ended on December 31, 1009.
Events
1000
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AD 1000 .
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Japan
Palace Scandal: Princess Consort Yasuko has an affair. Michinaga (her half-brother) investigates it secretly and finds out the truth about her pregnancy. Yasuko cries and repents. Yasuko leaves the palace under the patronage of Empress Dowager Senshi and Michinaga (moved to his residence).[citation needed ]
Murasaki Shikibu starts to write The Tale of Genji .[ 1]
Ichimonjiya Wasuke , the oldest surviving wagashi store, is established as a teahouse adjacent to Imamiya Shrine .
January 10 : Death of Empress Dowager Masako (empress consort of the late Emperor Reizei)[citation needed ]
April 8 : Fujiwara no Shoshi is promoted to Empress (Chugu), while there is another empress, Fujiwara no Teishi (kogo) - this is the first time that there are two empresses[ 2]
Americas
Christendom
Western Europe , the Holy Roman Empire , Kievan Rus' , and the Byzantine Empire in the Middle Ages (year 1000)
In continental Europe , the Holy Roman Empire established itself as the most powerful state. The Holy Roman Emperor Otto III made a pilgrimage from Rome to Aachen and Gniezno (Gnesen ), stopping at Regensburg , Meissen , Magdeburg , and Gniezno. The Congress of Gniezno (with Bolesław I the Brave ) was part of his pilgrimage . In Rome, he built the basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola , to host the relics of St. Bartholomew .
In the Kingdom of France , Robert II , the son of Hugh Capet , was the first King of the Capetian royal dynasty .
The Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty was engaged in a long and hard war with the First Bulgarian Empire . The Byzantine generals, Theodorokanos and Nikephoros Xiphias captured the former Bulgarian capitals of Pliska and Great Preslav , along with Little Preslav , extending Byzantine control over the northeastern portion of the Bulgarian state (Mysia and Scythia Minor ). At the same time, Byzantium was instrumental in the Christianization of Kievan Rus' and of other medieval confederations of Slavic states.
In Great Britain , a unified Kingdom of England had developed out of the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms .
In Scandinavia , Christianization was in its early stages, with the Althing of the Icelandic Commonwealth embracing Christianity in the year 1000. On September 9 , the King of Norway , Olaf Tryggvason , was defeated by the Scandinavian kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden in the Battle of Svolder . Sweyn Forkbeard established Danish control over part of Norway . The city of Oslo was founded in Norway (the exact year is debatable, but the 1,000 year anniversary was held in the year 2000 ). It is known that in or around this year, Norse explorer Leif Erikson became the first European to land in the Americas , at L'Anse aux Meadows in modern-day Newfoundland .
The papacy during this time was in a period of decline, in retrospect known as the saeculum obscurum ("Dark Age") or "pornocracy" ("rule of harlots"), a state of affairs that would result in the Great Schism between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy later in the 11th century.
The Kingdom of Hungary was established in 1000 as a Christian state. In the next centuries, the Kingdom of Hungary became the pre-eminent cultural power in the Central European region. On December 25 , Stephen I was crowned as the first King of Hungary in Esztergom .
Sancho III of Pamplona became King of Aragon and Navarre . The Reconquista was gaining some ground, but the southern Iberian peninsula would still be dominated by Islam for centuries to come; Córdoba at this time was the world's largest city with 450,000 inhabitants.
In the Kingdom of Croatia the army of the Republic of Venice led by Doge Pietro II Orseolo conquered the island of Lastovo .
The Château de Goulaine vineyard was founded in France .
The archdiocese in Gniezno was founded; the first archbishop was Radim Gaudentius , from Slavník dynasty , and dioceses in Kołobrzeg , Kraków and Wrocław .
The Bell foundry was founded in Italy by Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli .
Islamic world
The Muslim world was in its Golden Age ; still organised in caliphates , it continued to be dominated by the Abbasid Caliphate , with the Caliphate of Córdoba to the west, the Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa, and experienced ongoing campaigns in Africa and in India . At the time, Persia was in a period of instability, with various polities seceding from Abbasid rule, among whom the Ghaznavids would emerge as the most powerful.
The Islamic world was reaching the peak of its historical scientific achievements . Important scholars and scientists who flourished in AD 1000 include Al-Zahrawi (Abcasis), Ibn Yunus (publishes his astronomical treatise Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir in Cairo in c. 1000), Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), Abu-Mahmud Khujandi , Abu Nasr Mansur , Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani , Ahmad ibn Fadlan , Ali Ibn Isa , Al-Karaji (al-Karkhi), Ibn al-Haytham (Book of Optics ), Avicenna , Averroes , and Al-Biruni .
By this time, the Turkic migration from the Eurasian Steppe had reached Eastern Europe, and most of the Turkic tribes (Khazars , Bulgars , Pechenegs etc.) had been Islamized .
Babylon abandoned
Babylon was abandoned around this year.
1001
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1001 AD .
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By place
Africa
Asia
March 17 – The Buddhist ruler of Butuan , in the Philippines (P’u-tuan in the Sung Dynasty records), Sari Bata Shaja , makes the first tributary mission to China.
The Tao /Tayk region is annexed by the Byzantines , as the Theme of Iberia .
Mahmud of Ghazni , Muslim leader of Ghazni , begins a series of raids into northern India , establishing the Ghaznavid Empire across most of today's Afghanistan, eastern Iran, and Pakistan.
Former emperor Đinh Phế Đế dies, while suppressing the Cửu Long Rebellion in Thanh Hóa province .
Khmer King Jayavarman V is succeeded by Udayadityavarman I , and/or Suryavarman I .
Construction begins on the Liaodi Pagoda , the tallest pagoda in Chinese history (completed in 1055 ).
Japan
Europe
February 6 – After leading the revolt against Emperor Otto III and expelling the Crescentii , Gregory I, Count of Tusculum is named "Head of the Republic".
July 31 – Emperor Otto III confirms the possessions of Ulric Manfred II of Turin , and grants him privileges.
July – Sergius II becomes Patriarch of Constantinople .
Byzantine Emperor Basil II attempts to reconquer Bulgaria .
Robert II , King of France , marries for the third time, with Constance Taillefer d'Arles.
Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor has Charlemagne 's vault opened at Aachen Cathedral .
The First Battle of Alton : Danish invaders defeat the English.
Battle of Pinhoe : Vikings defeat the Anglo-Saxons in Devon .
Bolesław I the Brave begins ruling parts of Slovakia .
Bryachislav of Polotsk begins ruling Polotsk .
Werner I, Bishop of Strasbourg begins ruling the Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg .
Ermengol I, Count of Urgell makes his second voyage to Rome .
Thorgeir Ljosvetningagodi ends being a lawspeaker in Iceland 's Althing .
Ælfgar , bishop of Elmham , is consecrated.
Æthelred becomes bishop of Cornwall , but dies shortly afterwards.
The town of Lloret de Mar is founded in Catalonia .
The first reference is made to Khotyn , Ukrainian town,[ 4] and to Nyalka , Hungarian village, as to Chimudi .
Brian Boru attacks the Uí Néill in Ireland.
North America
By topic
Religion
1002
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1002 AD .
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By place
Europe
January 23 – Emperor Otto III dies, at the age of 22, of smallpox at Castle of Paterno (near Rome ) after a 19-year reign. He leaves no son, nor a surviving brother who can succeed by hereditary right to the throne .[ 5] Otto is buried in Aachen Cathedral alongside the body of Charlemagne .
February 15 – At an assembly at Pavia of Lombard nobles and secondi milites (the minor nobles), Arduin of Ivrea (grandson of former King Berengar II ) is restored to his domains and crowned as King of Italy in the Basilica of San Michele Maggiore . Arduin is supported by Arnulf II , archbishop of Milan .
June 7 – Henry II , a cousin of Otto III, is elected and crowned as King of Germany by Archbishop Willigis at Mainz . Henry does not recognise the coronation of Arduin. Otto of Worms withdraws his nomination for the title of Holy Roman Emperor and receives the Duchy of Carinthia (modern Austria ) - Henry is the first King to be elected away from the Cathedral of Aachen since the tradition was begun by Otto I in 936 .
July – Battle of Calatañazor : Christian armies led by Alfonso V of León , Sancho III of Pamplona and Sancho García of Castile , defeat the invading Saracens under Al-Mansur , the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus .
August 8 – Al-Mansur dies after a 24-year reign and is succeeded by his son Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar as ruler (hajib ) of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (modern Spain ).
October 15 – Henry I , duke of Burgundy , dies and is succeeded by his stepson, Otto-William . He inherits the duchy; this is disputed by King Robert II of France ("the Pious").
Fall – A revolt organized by Bohemian nobles of the rivalling Vršovci clan, forces Duke Boleslaus III ("the Red") to flee to Germany . He is succeeded by Vladivoj (until 1003 ).
British Isles
Arabian Empire
Asia
By topic
Religion
1003
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1003 AD .
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By place
Europe
England
Asia
By topic
Art
Religion
1004
This section is
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1004 AD .
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By place
Byzantine Empire
Europe
England
Africa
China
Japan
By topic
Religion
1005
This section is
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1005 AD .
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By place
Europe
British Isles
March 25 – King Kenneth III of Scotland is killed in the battle of Monzievaird in Strathearn . He is succeeded by his cousin Malcolm II ("Forranach , the Destroyer", son of the late King Kenneth II ) as ruler of Scotland .
Summer – Danish Viking raiders under Sweyn Forkbeard continue to ravage the cities (mostly poorly defended) in southern England . A famine strikes Sweyn's army, which has to live off the land.[ 11]
November 16 – Ælfric of Abingdon , archbishop of Canterbury , leaves ships to the people of Wiltshire and Kent in his will, leaving the best, equipped for 60 men, to King Æthelred the Unready .
High King of Ireland Brian Boru makes a second expedition to the north, to take hostages from the northern kingdoms. During this campaign he visits Armagh – making an offering of 20 ounces of gold to the church and confirming to the apostolic see of Saint Patrick , ecclesiastical supremacy over the whole of Ireland .[ 12]
Asia
By topic
Arts and literature
1006
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1006 AD .
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By place
Europe
Oceania
By topic
Astronomy
1007
This section is
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1007 AD .
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By place
England
Ireland
Japan
January 1 (New Year’s Day) – Imperial Princess Shushi is granted the title Ippon Shinno (first rank princess).
January 29 – Ranking ceremony of Murasaki Shikibu – as a renowned writer and lady-in-waiting, tutor of Empress Shōshi , she is elevated to the highest position in the palace below the empress.
April – Imperial Prince Tomohira receives the title nihon (second rank prince).
By topic
Religion
1008
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1008 AD .
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By place
Europe
England
King Æthelred the Unready orders a new fleet of warships built, organised on a national scale. It is a huge undertaking, but is completed the following year.[ 17]
Arabian Empire
Japan
By topic
Religion
1009
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1009 AD .
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By place
Europe
England
Asia
Japan
Princess Takahime (daughter of Imperial Prince Tomohira, cousin of emperor Ichijo) is married to Fujiwara no Yorimichi , first son of Fujiwara no Michinaga , enlarging the latter’s power.
Takashina no Mitsuko is imprisoned for cursing the empress; Fujiwara no Korechika is also implicated but later pardoned.
Murasaki Shikibu teaches the Chinese written language to Empress Shoshi in secret because this is usually a male accomplishment.
By topic
Religion
Science and technology
Significant people
Births
1000
June 22 – Robert I , duke of Normandy (d. 1035 )
Adalbert , duke of Upper Lorraine (d. 1048 )
Adalbert , archbishop of Hamburg (d. 1072 )
Argyrus , Byzantine general (approximate date)
Berthold II , duke of Carinthia (approximate date)
Constantine IX , Byzantine emperor (d. 1055 )
Dominic of Silos , Spanish abbot (d. 1073 )
Egbert , German Benedictine abbot (d. 1058 )
Duthac , patron saint of Tain (Scotland ) (d. 1065 )
Gilbert , Norman nobleman (approximate date)
Guigues I , French nobleman (approximate date)
Irmgardis , German noblewoman and saint (d. 1065 or 1082 /1089 )
John Mauropous , Byzantine hymnographer (d. c.1070 /1092 )
Kyiso , Burmese king of the Pagan Dynasty (d. 1038 )
Liudolf , German nobleman (approximate date)
Lý Thái Tông , Vietnamese emperor (d. 1054 )
Michael I , Byzantine patriarch (approximate date)
Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi , Fatimid scholar (d. 1078 )
Otto Bolesławowic , Polish prince (d. 1033 )
Qawam al-Dawla , Buyid governor (d. 1028 )
Robert de Turlande , French priest (d. 1067 )
Rotho , bishop of Paderborn (approximate date)
Sylvester III , pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1063 )
Uta von Ballenstedt , margravine of Meissen
William V , count of Auvergne (d. 1064 )
Yi Yuanji . Chinese painter (approximate date)
1001
1002
1003
Amatus , bishop of Nusco (approximate date)
Conrad II (the Younger ), duke of Carinthia (d. 1039 )
Edward the Confessor , king of England (d. 1066 )
Frederick , duke of Lower Lorraine (approximate date)
Hedwig (or Advisa ), French princess (approximate date)
Herleva , Norman noblewoman (approximate date)
Ibn Hayyus , Syrian poet and panegyrist (d. 1081 )
Ibn Zaydún , Andalusian poet and writer (d. 1071 )
Jing Zong , Chinese emperor of Western Xia (d. 1048 )
Liudolf of Brunswick , margrave of Frisia (d. 1038 )
Musharrif al-Dawla , Buyid emir of Iraq (d. 1025 )
1004
1005
June 20 – al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah , Fatimid caliph of Egypt (d. 1036 )
September 26 – Fujiwara no Nagaie , Japanese nobleman (d. 1064 )
A Nong , Chinese shaman and matriarch (approximate date)
Berenguer Ramon I , Spanish nobleman (d. 1035 )
Bertha of Blois , duchess consort of Brittany (approximate date)
Eilika of Schweinfurt , German noblewoman (approximate date)
Frederick II , German nobleman and overlord (d. 1075 )
Llywelyn Aurdorchog , Welsh nobleman (approximate date)
Macbeth ("Rí Deircc , the Red King"), king of Scotland (approximate date)
Mahmud al-Kashgari , Turkish lexicographer (d. 1102 )
1006
1007
Emeric , Hungarian prince and co-heir (approximate date)
Gervais de Château-du-Loir , French nobleman (d. 1067 )
Giselbert , count of Luxembourg (approximate date)
Hugh Magnus (Hugues le Grand ), king of France (d. 1025 )
Ibn Sidah , Andalusian linguist and lexicographer (d. 1066 )
Isaac I Komnenos , Byzantine emperor (approximate date)
Maitripada , Indian Buddhist philosopher (d. 1085 )
Ouyang Xiu , Chinese historian and poet (d. 1072 )
Peter Damian , cardinal-bishop of Ostia (d. 1073 )
Welf III , duke of Carinthia (approximate date)
1008
1009
Deaths
1000
May 17 – Ramwold , German Benedictine monk and abbot
September 9 – Olaf Tryggvason (or Olaf I ), king of Norway
Abu'l Haret Ahmad , Farighunid ruler (approximate date)
Abu-Mahmud Khojandi , Persian astronomer and mathematician
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī , Persian physician , mathematician and astronomer
Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi , Persian physician
Ahmad ibn Fadlan , Arab traveller and writer (approximate date)
Ælfthryth , English queen and wife of Edgar I (approximate date)
Barjawan , vizier and regent of the Fatimid Caliphate
Fantinus (the Younger ), Italian hermit and abbot
García Sáchez II , king of Pamplona (approximate date)
Gosse Ludigman , governor (potestaat ) of Friesland
Huyan Zan , Chinese general of the Song Dynasty
Ivar of Waterford , Norse Viking king of Dublin
Jacob ibn Jau , Andalusian-Jewish silk -manufacturer
Judah ben David Hayyuj , Moroccan-Jewish linguist
Malfrida , Russian Grand Princess consort of Kiev
Manfred I , Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
Masako , Japanese empress consort (b. 950 )
Minamoto no Shigeyuki , Japanese waka poet
Shahriyar III , Bavand ruler of Tabaristan
Tyra of Denmark , queen consort of Norway
Ukhtanes of Sebastia , Armenian historian
1001
January 13 – Fujiwara no Teishi , empress of Japan (b. 977 )
January 22 – Al-Muqallad ibn al-Musayyab , Uqaylid emir of Mosul[ 26]
October 7 – Æthelstan , bishop of Elmham
December 21 – Hugh , margrave of Tuscany
Conrad , margrave of Ivrea
David III of Tao ("the Great"), Georgian prince
Đinh Phế Đế , Vietnamese emperor (b. 974 )
Ermengarda de Vallespir , Spanish countess
Izyaslav , Kievan prince of Polotsk
Ja'far ibn al-Furat , Ikhshidid and Fatimid vizier (b. 921 )
Jayapala , Indian ruler of the Hindu Shahis
Jayavarman V , emperor of the Khmer Empire
Wang Yucheng , Chinese official and poet (b. 954 )
Ziri ibn Atiyya , emir of Morocco
1002
January 8 – Wulfsige III , bishop of Sherborne
January 23 – Otto III , Holy Roman Emperor (b. 980 )
April 23 – Æscwig , bishop of Dorchester
April 30 – Eckard I , margrave of Meissen
May 6 – Ealdwulf , archbishop of York
August 8 – Al-Mansur , Umayyad vizier and de facto ruler (b. 938 )
October 15 – Henry I , duke of Burgundy (b. 946 )
November 13
Athanasius IV , Syrian patriarch of Antioch
Domonkos I , archbishop of Esztergom
Gisela , French princess (approximate date)
Godfrey I (the Prisoner ), Frankish nobleman
John the Iberian , Georgian monk (approximate date)
Kisai Marvazi , Persian author and poet (b. 953 )
Rogneda of Polotsk , Grand Princess of Kiev (b. 962 )
Sa'id al-Dawla , Hamdanid emir of Aleppo (Syria )
Sancho Ramírez , king of Viguera (approximate date)
1003
January 19 – Kilian of Cologne , Irish abbot
January 25 – Lothair I , margrave of the Nordmark
May 4 – Herman II , duke of Swabia (Germany )
May 12 – Sylvester II , pope of the Catholic Church
July 11 – Al-Mansur al-Qasim al-Iyyani , Zaidi imam
August 3 – At-Ta'i , Abbasid caliph of Baghdad (b. 929 )
November 6 – John XVII , pope of the Catholic Church
December 24 – William II , German nobleman
December 27 – Emma of Blois , duchess of Aquitaine
Athanasius the Athonite , Byzantine monk (b. 920 )
Brian mac Maelruanaidh , king of Maigh Seóla (Ireland )
Didda , queen consort and regent of Kashmir (India )
Erik the Red , Norse Viking explorer (approximate date)
Flannchad ua Ruaidíne , abbot of Clonmacnoise
Gregory of Narek , Armenian theologian (b. 951 )
Gurgen IV , king of Vaspurakan (Armenia )
Ibrahim ibn Baks , Buyid scholar and physician
Philotheos , patriarch of Alexandria (Egypt )
Rozala , French queen and countess of Flanders
Vladivoj , duke of Bohemia (Czech Republic )
1004
June – Frederick , archbishop of Ravenna
July 11 – Theobald II , French nobleman
November 4 – Otto I , duke of Carinthia
November 13 – Abbo of Fleury , French abbot
Adelaide of Aquitaine , French queen consort
Aderald , French priest and archdeacon
Eochaid ua Flannacáin , Irish cleric and poet (b. 935 )
Gisilher (or Giselmar), archbishop of Magdeburg
Khusrau Shah , king of the Justanids (approximate date)
Li , empress consort of the Song Dynasty (b. 960 )
Li Jiqian , Chinese governor and rebel leader (b. 963 )
Ragnall mac Gofraid , king of the Isles (or 1005 )
Soběslav (or Soběbor ), Bohemian nobleman
Wulfric Spot , English nobleman (approximate date)
1005
March 25 – Kenneth III ("An Donn , the Chief"), king of Scotland[ 27]
October 31 – Abe no Seimei , Japanese astrologer (b. 921 )
November 16 – Ælfric of Abingdon , archbishop of Canterbury
December 14 – Adalbero II , bishop of Verdun and Metz
December 27 – Nilus the Younger , Byzantine abbot (b. 910 )
Abu Hilal al-Askari , Muslim scholar and writer (b. 920 )
Cynan ap Hywel , prince of Gwynedd (approximate date)
Lê Hoàn , emperor of the Early Lê Dynasty (b. 941 )
Lê Trung Tông , emperor of the Early Lê Dynasty (b. 983 )
Isma'il Muntasir ("Victorious"), ruler of the Samanids
Mael Ruanaidh Ua Dubhda , king of Connacht
Ma Yize , Muslim astronomer of the Song Dynasty
Ragnall mac Gofraid , king of the Isles (or 1004 )
Sigmundur Brestisson , Viking chieftain (b. 961 )
Yves de Bellême , Norman nobleman (approximate date)
1006
February 13 – Fulcran , bishop of Lodève (France )
July 21 – Gisela of Burgundy , duchess of Bavaria
December 26 – Gao Qiong , Chinese general (b. 935 )
Ælfhelm of York , ealdorman (dux ) of Northumbria
Azon the Venerable (or Atso), French prelate
Fiachra Ua Focarta , abbot of Clonfert (Ireland )
Giovanni Orseolo , Venetian nobleman (b. 981 )
Ibn Marzuban , Persian official and physician
Maud of Normandy , French noblewoman
Olaf the Peacock , Icelandic merchant
Sherira Gaon , Jewish spiritual leader
Cenwulf , bishop of Winchester (approximate date)
1007
February 27 – Ælfwaru , English noblewoman
March 20 – Abu Rakwa , Andalusian Umayyad prince
July 21 – Gisela of Burgundy , duchess of Bavaria
October 31 – Heriger , abbot of Lobbes (Belgium )
Attilanus , bishop of Zamora (Spain ) (b. 937 )
Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani , Persian poet (b. 969 )
Guo , empress of the Song Dynasty (b. 975 )
Manjutakin , Fatimid general and governor
Maslama al-Majriti , Andalusian chemist
Pelayo Rodríguez , count (comes ) of León
Sebestyén , archbishop of Esztergom
Urraca Fernández , Galician queen
1008
March 17 – Kazan , emperor of Japan (b. 968 )
April 7 – Ludolf (or Liudolf), archbishop of Trier
April 10 – Notker of Liège , French bishop (b. 940 )
May 25
October 6 – Menendo González , Galician nobleman
November 20 – Geoffrey I , duke of Brittany (b. 980 )
Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar , Andalusian court official
Clothna mac Aenghusa , Irish poet (approximate date)
Gunnlaugr Ormstunga , Icelandic poet (approximate date)
Gurgen II (Magistros), king of Iberia-Kartli (Georgia )
Ibn Zur'a , Abbasid physician and philosopher (b. 943 )
Madudan mac Gadhra Mór , king of Síol Anmchadha
Poppo , Polish missionary bishop (approximate date)
Raymond III , French nobleman (approximate date)
Rotbold I (or Rotbaud), French nobleman
Sarolt , Grand Princess of Hungary (b. 950 )
1009
February 14 – Bruno of Querfurt , German missionary bishop
March 2 – Mokjong , king of Goryeo (Korea ) (b. 980 )
March 3 – Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo , Umayyad chief minister (b. 983 )
June or July – John XVIII , pope of the Catholic Church
August 21 – Tomohira, Japanese imperial prince (uncle of the emperor)
November 13 – Dedo I , German nobleman (b. 950 )
December 25 – Bernard William , French nobleman
Abu al-Hasan Ali , Ma'munid ruler of Khwarezm (Iran )
Abu Muhammad Lu'lu' al-Kabir , emir of Aleppo (Syria )
Fujiwara no Nagatō , Japanese bureaucrat and poet (b. 949 )
Ibn Yunus , Fatimid astronomer and mathematician
Khalaf ibn Ahmad , emir of the Saffarid Dynasty (b. 937 )
Lê Long Đĩnh , emperor of the Lê Dynasty (b. 986 )
Pietro II Orseolo , doge of Venice (b. 961 )
Xiao Yanyan , Chinese Khitan empress (b. 953 )
References
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^ "Fujiwara no Teishi • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史" . . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史 . Retrieved 2024-05-29 .
^ "Ancient genome study identifies traces of indigenous "Taíno" in present-day Caribbean populations" . University of Cambridge . 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2024-05-29 .
^ "Khotyn" . Antychnyi Kyiv (in Russian). Archived from the original on May 13, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-28 .
^ Reuter, Timothy (1992). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III , p. 259. ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8 .
^ a b Boissonade, B. "Les premières croisades françaises en Espagne. Normands, Gascons, Aquitains et Bourguignons (1018-1032)" . Bulletin Hispanique . 36 (1): 5–28. doi :10.3406/hispa.1934.2607 .
^ John V.A. Fine, Jr. (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century , p. 197. ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3 .
^ Norwich, John Julius (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee , pp. 259-260. ISBN 0-394-53779-3 .
^ Gilbert Meynier (2010). L'Algérie cœr du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518) . Paris: La Découverte; p. 47.
^ Benvenuti, Gino (1985). Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia . Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. p. 41. ISBN 88-8289-529-7 .
^ a b Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History . London: Century. pp. 47–48. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2 .
^ Moody, T. W.; Martin, F. X., eds. (1967). The Course of Irish History . Cork: Mercier Press. p. 113.
^ "A history of Merapi" . Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2007-02-20 .
^ Murdin, Paul; Murdin, Lesley (1985). Supernovae . Cambridge University Press. pp. 14–16. ISBN 052130038X .
^ John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings , p. 118. ISBN 978-0-140-51328-8 .
^ Kingsley Bolton; Christopher Hutton (2000). Triad Societies: Western Accounts of the History, Sociology and Linguistics of Chinese Secret Societies . ISBN 978-0-415-24397-1 .
^ Stenton, F. M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England , pp. 381–384. The Oxford History of England. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 019-280-1392 .
^ According to the "Annals of Magdeburg" (c. 1170) and some other sources.
^ Quoted in Mats G. Larsson, Götarnas riken: Upptäcktsfärder till Sveriges enande . Stockholm: Atlantis, 2002, p. 185.
^ In the Annals of Quedlinburg , Saxony-Anhalt .
^ Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016–1130 . Longmans; London, 1967.
^ Norwich, John Julius (1982). A History of Venice . New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
^ Peter Sawyer (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings . London: Oxford University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-19-285434-6 .
^ The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
^ Sutton, Ian (1999). Architecture, from Ancient Greece to the Present . London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20316-3 .
^ Busse, Heribert (2004) [1969]. Chalif und Grosskönig - Die Buyiden im Irak (945-1055) [Caliph and Great King - The Buyids in Iraq (945-1055) ] (in German). Würzburg: Ergon Verlag. pp. 74–75. ISBN 3-89913-005-7 .
^ "King Kenneth III: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland" . www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2021 .