Cinema of West Bengal, also known as Tollywood or Bengali cinema, is an Indianfilm industry of Bengali-language motion pictures. It is based in the Tollygunge region of Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The origins of the nickname Tollywood, a portmanteau of the words Tollygunge and Hollywood, dates back to 1932.[4] It was a historically important film industry, at one time the centre of Indian film production.[4] The Bengali film industry is known for producing many of Indian cinema's most critically acclaimed global Parallel Cinema and art films, with several of its filmmakers gaining prominence at the Indian National Film Awards as well as international acclaim.
Another prominent Bengali filmmaker is Mrinal Sen, whose films have been well known for their Marxist views. During his career, Mrinal Sen's films have received awards from major film festivals, including Cannes, Berlin, Venice, Moscow, Karlovy Vary, Montreal, Chicago, and Cairo. Retrospectives of his films have been shown in major cities of the world.[22] Bengali filmmaker Ritwik Ghatak began reaching a global audience long after his death; beginning in the 1990s, a project to restore Ghatak's films was undertaken, and international exhibitions (and subsequent DVD releases) have belatedly generated an increasingly global audience. Some of his films have strong similarities to later famous international films, such as Ajantrik (1958) resembled the Herbie films (1967–2005) and Bari Theke Paliye (1958) resembled François Truffaut's The 400 Blows (1959). Other eminent Bengali filmmakers included the trio of Tapan Sinha, Ajoy Kar and Tarun Majumdar, collectively referred as "TAT". Their films have been well known for Best Literature Adaptation and displaying larger than life perspectives. Ajoy Kar directorial numerous films created many new milestones and broke existing box office records in the Golden Era.
The cinematographer Subrata Mitra, who made his debut with Ray's The Apu Trilogy, also had an important influence on cinematography across the world. One of his most important techniques was bounce lighting, to recreate the effect of daylight on sets. He pioneered the technique while filming Aparajito (1956), the second part of The Apu Trilogy.[23] Some of the experimental techniques which Satyajit Ray pioneered include photo-negativeflashbacks and X-raydigressions while filming Pratidwandi (1972).[24]
Etymology
Tollywood was the very first Hollywood-inspired name, dating back to a 1932 article in the American Cinematographer by Wilford E. Deming, an American engineer who was involved in the production of the first Indian sound film. He gave the industry the name Tollywood because the Tollygunge district in which it was based rhymed with "Hollywood", and because Tollygunge was the centre of the cinema of India as a whole at the time much like Hollywood was in the cinema of the United States.[4]
In that same March 1932 article, Deming was also considering the name "Hollygunge" but decided to go with "Tollywood" as the nickname for the Tollygunge area due to "Tolly being a proper name and Gunge meaning locality" in the Bengali language. It was this "chance juxtaposition of two pairs of rhyming syllables," Holly and Tolly, that led to the name "Tollywood" being coined. The name "Tollywood" went on to be used as a nickname for the Bengali film industry by the popular Kolkata-based Junior Statesman youth magazine, establishing a precedent for other film industries to use similar-sounding names.[25] Tollywood later went on to inspire the name "Bollywood" (as the Bombay-based industry overtook the one in Tollygunge), which in turn inspired many other similar names.[4][25]
Hiralal Sen, India is credited as one of Bengal's, and India's first directors. These were all silent films. Hiralal Sen is also credited as one of the pioneers of advertisement films in India. The first Bengali-language movie was the silent feature Billwamangal, produced by the Madan Theatre Company of Calcutta and released on 8 November 1919, only six years after the first full-length Indian feature film, Raja Harish Chandra, was released.[29]
The early beginnings of the "talking film" industry go back to the early 1930s when it came to British India, and to Calcutta. The movies were originally made in Urdu or Persian to accommodate a specific elite market. One of the earliest known studios was the East India Film Company. The first Bengali film to be made as a talkie was Jamai Shashthi, released in 1931. At this time the early heroes of the Bengali film industry like Pramathesh Barua and Debaki Bose were at the peak of their popularity. Barua also directed movies, exploring new dimensions in Indian cinema. Debaki Bose directed Chandidas in 1932; this film is noted for its breakthrough in recording sound. Sound recordist Mukul Bose found a solution to the problem of spacing out dialogue and frequency modulation.[citation needed]
In the 1960s, Bengal saw a host of talented actresses like Aparna Sen, Sharmila Tagore, Madhabi Mukherjee, Sandhya Roy and, Supriya DeviandJayashree Kabir. Aparna Sen was one of the most successful actresses of the Golden Era. She became the leading heroine of the 1970s and since 1981 she has been directing films. One of the most well-known Bengali actresses was Sharmila Tagore, who debuted in Ray's The World of Apu, and became a major actress in Bengali cinema as well as Bollywood. Despite Suchitra Sen being the greatest actress, Sharmila was the most commercially successful actress in history with films like The World of Apu (1959), Devi (1960), Nayak (1966), Simabaddha (1967), and Aranyer Dinratri (1970).[citation needed]
Utpal Dutt is internationally known for his acting in movies and plays, especially Shakespearean plays. Bhanu Bandopadhyay, Rabi Ghosh, and Anup Kumar were best known for their comic timing, and with their versatile acting talent they stunned the audience and critics.[citation needed]
Detective films and family drama films have been the most popular and successful genre in this era. The success of detective films largely owes to the film adaptation of popular fictional characters like Feluda, Byomkesh, Sona Da, Eken Babu, Kakababu, Sankar, Mitin Mashi, Sabor Dasgupta, Prof. Trilokeshwar Shonku, Dipak Chatterjee, Daymonti, Niladri Sarkar and Tenida.[60][61]
The Bengali film industry, which had been a beacon for the country's film industry until the 1980s, is in a turnaround mode. At a time when Bollywood continues its roller-coaster ride, there are cheers in the Bengali film industry with several commercial successes. The dark period of the 1990s when Bengali tinsel town was on a steep decline seems like a nightmare that's best forgotten. And, with the money pouring in, producers from other States are now knocking on the doors of Bengali directors. Industry sources say that the best proof of the comeback is seen in the increasing number of cinema houses showing Bengali films. Even a few years ago, of the 800 cinemas in the State, no more than 350 were showing just Bengali films. The remaining had spread their risk showing a mix of either Hindi and English or Hindi and Bengali films. In 2008, nearly 700 theatres were showing Bengali films.
Bombaiyer Bombete, produced by Ramoji Films at a cost of Rs 8 million, recovered its costs within three weeks and earned 20 million in all. The movie has brought back the concept of family entertainment with Sandip Ray's gambit of contemporising the plot paying him a rich dividend. Admitting that he did not expect this success, he told Life that he was now lining up another such film for release next year. Earlier, a film by award-winning director Buddhadeb Dasgupta's Mondo Meyer Upakhyan (The Tale of a Fallen Girl) produced by Arjoe Entertainments netted nearly Rs 7 million through the sale of overseas rights against a cost of Rs 0.6 million. Haranath Chakraborty His film Sathi (Companion) created a record by recouping over five times its production cost, although the film Chokher Bali, with big names like Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Rituparno Ghosh and Tagore, failed to yield expected results. The movie, billed at Rs 16.5 million (the highest among Bengali films).[68]
The total number of cinema theatres is approx 200. But there are films like 'Kaler rakhal'(2008)by Sekhar Das which created a huge controversy for its strong political comments on contemporary Bengal, despite its formal brilliance too, was not successful in the box office as the film was unceremoniously withdrawn from the theatres.[citation needed]
Loose and unorganised production activities, dominated and dictated by providers of capital led to the proliferation of sub-standard films, which were most often commercial failures. The recent successes have come through some concerted effort by Parallel Cinema which has tapped the domestic market, even while scouting the overseas ones, hitting the festival circuit somewhere in between. As such, celluloid creations of award-winning directors like Tarun Majumdar, Gautam Ghosh, Rituparno Ghosh and Aparna Sen started bringing money for their producers. However, at around the same time, movies in the commercial circuit (directors like to call them mainstream cinema) also started doing well, supported strongly by the response from the semi-urban areas. The big Bollywood banners such as Mukta Arts and Rajshri films are now showing interest in funding Bengali films.[citation needed]
Hollywood houses like Columbia TriStar have made their debut in distributing Bengali movies. According to industry experts, several issues need to be addressed to build on this resurgence and consolidate it. These include inadequate infrastructure, which often compels moviemakers to go outside the State for facilities pushing up costs, poor marketing and distribution, and increasing competition from Bangladeshi films.[69][70]
In 1998, the critics' poll conducted by the Asian film magazine Cinemaya included The Apu Trilogy (ranked No. 1 if votes are combined), Ray's Charulata and The Music Room (both tied at #11), and Ghatak's Subarnarekha (also tied at #11).[75] In 1999, The Village Voice top 250 "Best Film of the Century" critics' poll also included The Apu Trilogy (ranked No. 5 if votes are combined).[31] In 2005, The Apu Trilogy was also included in Time's All-Time 100 Movies list.[33] In 1992, the Sight & Sound Critics' Poll ranked Ray at No. 7 in its list of "Top 10 Directors" of all time,[76][77] and Days and Nights in the Forest (ranked No. 81 in 1982).[78]
Academy Honorary Award: Satyajit Ray (1992- "In recognition of his rare mastery of the art of motion pictures, and of his profound humanitarian outlook, which has had an indelible influence on filmmakers and audiences throughout the world.")[80]
The National Film Awards, established in 1954, are the most prominent film awards in India that merit the best of the Indian cinema. The ceremony also presents awards for films in various regional languages.
Regional awards
Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards - The oldest Association of Film critics in India, founded in 1937, by the inspiration and determination of the handful of pioneers amongst the then thin section of scribes that were drawn to film journalism with a lofty mission to serve the developing film journalism and film industry.
Kalakar Awards - Ceremony is recognised as one of the topmost awards ceremonies of the eastern region of India.
Tellysamman Awards - Sangbad Pratidin, a Kolkata-based Bengali daily organised this Award Ceremony.
Zee Bangla Gourab Somman Awards - These awards are designed for the people by the people. Zee Bangla would be honouring the rich culture and tradition of the land and felicitating the evergreen personalities from the field of theatre, film, music, and our own television shows.
70 years of Indian Cinema, ed. by T.N. Ramachandran, Cinemaa India International, Bombay, 1985
A Pictorial History of Indian Cinema, Firoj Rangogoonwalla, The Hamlyn Publishing Group, London, 1979
Cinematography to Videography: Aesthetics and Technology by Chakraborty Piyali, Banerjee Santanu, Published by Kalyani Foundation, 1st ed. (2013); ISBN No.: 978-81-927505-3-8
Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema – Ashish Rajadhyaksha, Paul Willemen, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1994
Jaroslav Plašil Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Jaroslav PlašilTanggal lahir 5 Januari 1982 (umur 41)Tempat lahir Opočno, CekoslowakiaTinggi 6 ft 0 in (1,83 m)Posisi bermain GelandangInformasi klubKlub saat ini BordeauxNomor 18Karier junior1987–1992 Sokol Černíkovice1992–1993 Spartak Rychnov nad Kněžnou1993–1998 Hradec KrálovéKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1998–2000 Hradec Králové 4 (0)2000–2007 Monaco 122 (5)2002–2003 → Créteil (pinjaman) 14 (0)2…
Edith Bouvier Beale Información personalApodo Little EdieNacimiento 7 de noviembre de 1917 Nueva York, Estados UnidosFallecimiento 14 de enero de 2002 (84 años) Bal Harbour, Estados UnidosCausa de muerte Infarto agudo de miocardio Sepultura Locust Valley Cemetery Nacionalidad EstadounidenseReligión CatólicaLengua materna Inglés FamiliaPadres Phelan BealeEdith Ewing BouvierEducaciónEducada en Miss Porter's School Información profesionalOcupación Socialité, modelo, artista de cabaret[…
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American legislative district Michigan's 72nd StateHouse of RepresentativesdistrictRepresentative Mike MuellerR–Linden Demographics71.7% White12.3% Black6.9% Hispanic5.3% Asian0.8% Other2.9[1]% Remainder of multiracialPopulation (2010)97,109[2] Michigan's 72nd House of Representatives district (also referred to as Michigan's 72nd House district) is a legislative district within the Michigan House of Representatives located in parts o…
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Second highest honour in Jamaica For the Antiguan and Barbudan order, see Order of the Nation (Antigua and Barbuda). For Bahamian order, see Order of the Nation (Bahamas). For the Grenadian order, see Order of the Nation (Grenada). For Czech political party, see Order of the Nation (political party). AwardOrder of the NationTypeSingle grade OrderAwarded forthose appointed to the office of Governor General or Prime Minister of JamaicaPresented by JamaicaEligibilityJamaican citizensPost-nomin…
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Mexican mixed martial artist (born 1993) Alexa GrassoGrasso in 2023Born (1993-08-09) August 9, 1993 (age 30)Guadalajara, Jalisco, MexicoHeight5 ft 5 in (1.65 m)Weight125 lb (57 kg; 8.9 st)DivisionStrawweight (2012–2020) Flyweight (2020–present)[1]Reach66 in (168 cm)[2]StyleBoxing, BJJTeamLobo GymRankBrown belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu[3]Years active2012–presentMixed martial arts recordTotal20Wins16By knockout4By s…
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American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking First edition cover of American Goddess at the Rape of NankingAuthorHua-ling HuCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishSubjectNanking MassacreGenreBiographyPublisherSouthern Illinois University PressPublication dateDecember 2000Media typePrint (Hardcover)Pages232 pp (first edition)ISBN0-8093-2386-9OCLC41355746 American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking: The Courage of Minnie Vautrin is a biographical book about American missionary Minnie Vautrin and her exper…
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American film director Brian HelgelandHelgeland in 2013BornBrian Thomas Helgeland (1961-01-17) January 17, 1961 (age 62)Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.Alma materUniversity of Massachusetts DartmouthLoyola Marymount UniversityOccupation(s)director, producer, screenwriterYears active1988–presentNotable workL.A. ConfidentialMystic RiverAwardsAcademy Award for Best Adapted ScreenplayL.A. Confidential (1997) Brian Thomas Helgeland (born January 17, 1961)[1] is an American scre…
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