The art has a commercial function (i.e., to promote the product it is displayed on), but can also have an aesthetic function, and may be artistically connected to the product (such as with art by, or commissioned by, the creator of the product).[2][3]
Artists known for their album cover art include Alex Steinweiss, an early pioneer in album cover art, Roger Dean, and the Hipgnosis studio. Some album art may cause controversy because of nudity (for example, John Lennon and Yoko Ono'sUnfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins), offending churches, trademark or others.[7] There have been numerous books documenting album cover art, particularly rock and jazz album covers.[8][9][10] Steinweiss was an art director and graphic designer who brought custom artwork to record album covers and invented the first packaging for long-playing records.[7]
A book cover is usually made up of images (illustrations, photographs, or a combination of both) and text. It usually includes the book title and author and can also include (but not always) a book tagline or quote. The book cover design is usually designed by a graphic designer or book designer, working in-house at a publisher or freelance. Authors can make suggestions for book cover design elements (e.g., a preferred color) but rarely communicate directly with the designer.[12] Once the front cover art has been approved, they will then continue to design the layout of the spine (including the book title, author name and publisher imprint logo) and the back cover (usually including a book blurb and sometimes the barcode and publisher logo). Books can be designed as a set of series or as an individual design. Very commonly, the same book will be designed with a different cover in different countries to suit the specific audience. For example, a cover designed for Australia may have a completely different design in the United Kingdom and again in the United States.
Book covers need to be effective at marketing, which can encourage reliance on stereotypical representations.[12] For example, if the marketing strategy emphasizes that the author is a woman, then the cover might be designed in stereotypical feminine colors such as pink, and if the publisher wants to emphasize that the author is from a particular ethnic background, then the cover might include stereotypical representations of people from that ethnic group.[12]
Book cover art has had books written on the subject.[citation needed] Numerous artists have become noted for their book cover art, including Richard M. Powers and Chip Kidd. In one of the most recognizable book covers in American literature, two sad female eyes (and bright red lips) adrift in the deep blue of a night sky, hover ominously above a skyline that glows like a carnival. Evocative of sorrow and excess, the haunting image has become so inextricably linked to The Great Gatsby that it still adorns the cover of F. Scott Fitzgerald's book 88 years after its debut. The iconic cover art was created by Spanish artist Francis Cugat. With the release of a big Hollywood movie, however, some printings of the book have abandoned the classic cover in favor of one that ties in more closely with the film.[13]
Magazine cover
Magazine cover artists include Art Spiegelman, who modernized the look of The New Yorker magazine, and his predecessor Rea Irvin, who created the Eustace Tilly character for the magazine. Magazine cover artists who were well known for capturing important political and social issues of the day include Norman Rockwell, whose work appeared 322 times on the cover of The Saturday Evening Post[14] (11 featuring the Willie Gillis character),[15] and Dennis Wheeler, whose 40 covers for Time magazine illustrated social movements and news events of the 1960s and 1970s; seven of them are in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.[16][17]Mad magazine has a long history of placing the Alfred E. Neuman character prominently on its cover.[18]
Tabloid cover
Today, the word tabloid is used as a derogatory descriptor of a style of journalism, rather than its original intent as an indicator of half-broadsheet size. This tends to cloud the fact that the great tabloids were skilfully produced amalgams of human interest stories told with punchy brevity, a clarity drawn from the choice of simple but effective words and often with a dose of wit.[19] The gossipy tabloid scandal sheets, as we know them today, have been around since 1830. That's when Benjamin Day and James Gordon Bennett Sr., the respective publishers of The Sun and the New York Herald, launched what became known as the penny press (whose papers sold for one cent apiece).[20] But some of what is considered the world's best journalism has been tabloid.[21] From the days when John Pilger revealed the truth of Cambodia's Killing Fields in the Daily Mirror, to the stream of revelations that showed the hypocrisy of John Major's "back to basics" cabinet, award-winning writing in the tabloids is acknowledged every year at the National Press Awards.[21]
Good cover art can lead readers to this fact; the New York Herald, for example, offers some examples of tabloid cover art.[22][23] So too does the News & Review, a free weekly published in Nevada and California.[24] The tabloid has thrived since the 1970s, and uses cartoonish cover art.[25] Tabloids have a modern role to play, and along with good cover art (and new ideas) they fill a niche.[26]
^"The Blues: Album Cover Art", Chronicle Books, 1996
^1000 Record Covers, Michael Ochs, Taschen Publications, 2005
^Borgerson, Janet; Schroeder, Jonathan E. (2017). Designed for hi-fi living : the vinyl LP in midcentury America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN9780262036238. OCLC958205262.
^Gair, Joanne (2006). Body Painting: Masterpieces by Joanne Gair. Universe Publishing. ISBN0-7893-1509-2., intro
^"Norman Rockewell Biography". The Saturday Evening Post. Forty-seven years later, Rockwell's work had appeared 322 times on the cover of The Saturday Evening Post — the last, a portrait of John F. Kennedy, appeared in 1963, a week after the president's assassination.
^Berlin, Jess S. (2006, November 8). "Cyber tabloid will cover all the news that's virtually true." The Guardian, p. 20.
^"André De Takacs" by Bill Edwards (né William G. Motley; born 1959), ragpiano.com Website administrator: Bill Edwards (no date); Contributors: Andrea Ellis and Keith Emmons (retrieved February 21, 2020)
^"Edward H. Pfeiffer" by Bill Edwards (né William G. Motley; born 1959), ragpiano.com Website administrator: Bill Edwards (no date)
