Gregg County, Texas

Gregg County
Gregg County
County
	The Gregg County Courthouse of Art Deco design in Longview designed by architects Voelcker and Dixon. William R. Hughes was the county judge when the structure was completed in 1932.
	Seal
	Location within the U.S. state of Texas
	Texas's location within the U.S.
	Coordinates: 32°29′N 94°49′W / 32.48°N 94.81°W
Country	United States
State	Texas
Founded	1873
Named for	Gen. John Gregg
Seat	Longview
Largest city	Longview
Area
• Total	276 sq mi (710 km2)
• Land	273 sq mi (710 km2)
• Water	2.5 sq mi (6 km2) 0.9%
Population (2020)
• Total	124,239
• Density	450/sq mi (170/km2)
Time zone	UTC−6 (Central)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district	1st
Website	www.co.gregg.tx.us

Gregg County is a county located in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 124,239.^[2] Its county seat is Longview.^[3] The county is named after John Gregg, a Confederate general killed in action during the American Civil War.^[4]

Gregg County is part of the Longview, Texas metropolitan area and the Longview–Marshall, Texas combined statistical area. Discovery of oil near Kilgore in October 1930 was the beginning of an oil boom that attracted workers to the county and expanded the population by more than 500% by 1940, according to the census. By that time, the economy had stabilized, but the East Texas Oil Field, extending into five counties, has continued to be important to the county and region's economy.

History

This area was among early sections settled by United States immigrants before Texas became an independent republic, and after 1845, a state of the United States. It was an area developed as cotton plantations dependent on slave labor of African Americans. Lumbering of the pine forests was also pursued, especially in the early years of clearing the land for cultivation.

Gregg County was organized in 1873 after the American Civil War from portions of existing counties. When the Texas State Legislature convened in January 1873, Democratic representative B. W. Brown of Upshur County introduced a bill to create a new county from parts of Harrison, Rusk, and Upshur Counties. He was likely trying to break up the black majority that dominated county politics in Harrison County. Under Brown's proposal, the county was to be named Roanoke, and Longview was to be the county seat. The proposed name was later changed to honor Texas leader and Confederate General John Gregg, and the county seat was determined by popular election.

Harrison and Rusk Counties resisted efforts to have portions of their territory assigned to Gregg County. When Gregg County was created, it first consisted of about 143 square miles (370 km²) taken from Upshur County, and the Sabine River was its southern boundary. In April 1874, about 141 square miles (370 km²) south of the Sabine River in Rusk County was added to Gregg County. The third portion, of about 145 square miles (380 km²) to be taken from Harrison County, was never realized. Many of its voters continued to elect Republicans to county offices.

By 1919, the county population was 16,700, of whom 8,160, or 48%, were Black. Most were sharecroppers or tenant farmers raising cotton as a commodity crop. Members of the Negro Business League set up a cooperative store in Longview to compete with White merchants and offer African-American residents more choices for purchases. Beginning July 10, the town had a short-lived Longview Race Riot, in which one Black man was killed, and several Black-owned homes and properties were burned. It was quelled when the sheriff asked for Texas National Guard and other law enforcement. They established a curfew and military occupation.^[5]^[6]

Agricultural work declined during the Great Depression of the 1930s, and many African Americans continued to leave in the Great Migration north to find other work.

In October 1930, oil was discovered near Joinerville, between Henderson, Texas (Rusk County) and Kilgore (mostly in southwest Gregg County). And shortly after, oil was discovered within Gregg County, near Pine Tree/East Mountain (Lathrop No 1). Suddenly, the county economy was booming, and the East Texas Oil Field attracted so many workers that county population increased by more than 500% by 1940. Growth stabilized, but oil has continued to be important. County demographics changed as other workers were attracted to the area. In the early 21st century, slightly less than 20% of the population is African American.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 276 square miles (710 km²), of which 2.5 square miles (6.5 km²) (0.9%) are covered by water.^[7]

Major highways

Adjacent counties

Upshur County (north)
Harrison County (east)
Rusk County (south)
Smith County (west)

Communities

Cities

Clarksville City (small part in Upshur County)
East Mountain (mostly in Upshur County)
Easton (partly in Rusk County)
Gladewater (partly in Upshur County)
Kilgore (small part in Rusk County)
Lakeport
Longview (small part in Harrison County)
Warren City (small part in Upshur County)
White Oak

Census-designated places

Other unincorporated communities

Former communities

Greggton - annexed to Longview in the 1950s ^[8]
Spring Hill - annexed to Longview on October 7, 1983^[9]

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.	%±
1880	8,530	—
1890	9,402	10.2%
1900	12,343	31.3%
1910	14,140	14.6%
1920	16,767	18.6%
1930	15,778	−5.9%
1940	58,027	267.8%
1950	61,258	5.6%
1960	69,436	13.4%
1970	75,929	9.4%
1980	99,487	31.0%
1990	104,948	5.5%
2000	111,379	6.1%
2010	121,730	9.3%
2020	124,239	2.1%
U.S. Decennial Census^[10] 1850–2010^[11] 2010^[12] 2020^[13]

**Demographic Profile of Gregg County, Texas**
(*NH = Non-Hispanic*)
Race / Ethnicity	Pop 2010^[12]	Pop 2020^[13]	% 2010	% 2020
White alone (NH)	74,005	68,050	60.79%	54.77%
Black or African American alone (NH)	24,068	24,974	19.77%	20.10%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)	497	424	0.41%	0.34%
Asian alone (NH)	1,316	1,614	1.08%	1.30%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)	35	47	0.03%	0.04%
Some other race alone (NH)	119	298	0.10%	0.24%
Mixed/multiracial (NH)	1,672	4,792	1.37%	3.86%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	20,018	24,040	16.44%	19.35%
Total	121,730	124,239	100.00%	100.00%

Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.

According to the 2000 census, 111,379 people, 42,687 households, and 29,667 families were residing in the county.^[14] According to the 2020 census, 124,239 people resided in the county, reflecting statewide population growth during the early 2000s-2020.^[13] The population density was 406 inhabitants per square mile (157/km²) in 2000; the 46,349 housing units averaged 169 per square mile (65/km²).

The racial makeup of the county was 72.89% White, 19.86% African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.68% Asian, 4.57% from other races, and 1.49% from two or more races; about 9.14% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. In 2020, its racial and ethnic makeup was 54.77% non-Hispanic white, 20.10% Black or African American, 0.34% Native American, 1.30% Asian alone, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.24% some other race, 3.86% multiracial, and 19.35% Hispanic or Latino of any race, reflecting nationwide demographic diversification.^[15]^[16]

In 2000, median income for a household in the county was $35,006, and for a family was $42,617. Males had a median income of $33,186 versus $21,432 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,449. About 12.00% of families and 15.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.50% of those under age 18 and 11.40% of those age 65 or over. By 2020, its median household income was $52,027 with a mean income of $73,022.^[17]

Education

These school districts serve Gregg County:

Gladewater ISD (partly in Smith, Upshur Counties)
Kilgore ISD (partly in Rusk County)
Longview ISD
Pine Tree ISD
Sabine ISD
Spring Hill ISD
White Oak ISD

Media

Gregg County is part of the Tyler/Longview/Jacksonville DMA. Local media outlets are: KLTV, KTRE-TV, KYTX-TV, KFXK-TV, KCEB-TV, and KETK-TV.

The Longview News-Journal is the primary newspaper in the county, published in Longview. Coverage of the area can also be found in the Tyler Morning Telegraph, based in Tyler, in Smith County. The Gladewater Mirror has been published since 1949, first as a daily newspaper^[18] and then as a weekly newspaper.^[19]

Gallery

The annex building is attached to the Gregg County Courthouse.
The Gregg County Historical Museum is located in the historic district of Longview.
Monument to the Confederate soldier at the Gregg County Courthouse in Longview, completed by Frank Teich, 1911

Politics

Before the complete disfranchisement of rural freedmen, Gregg County's black freedmen allowed it to vote for William McKinley twice, and for several other Republicans during the Third Party System.

Gregg subsequently became a classic "Solid South" Democratic county between 1904 and 1948, but has since become solidly Republican at a Presidential level, although the presence of a sizeable black population has permitted the Democrats to gain a quarter of the countywide total at virtually every election. Nonetheless, Gregg was one of only 16 Texas counties to vote for Barry Goldwater in his 1964 definitive loss, and the last Democrat to carry the county was Harry S. Truman in 1948.

United States presidential election results for Gregg County, Texas^[20]
Year	Republican		Democratic		Third party
Year	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
2020	32,493	67.72%	14,796	30.84%	693	1.44%
2016	28,764	68.90%	11,677	27.97%	1,308	3.13%
2012	28,742	69.25%	12,398	29.87%	367	0.88%
2008	29,203	68.54%	13,166	30.90%	241	0.57%
2004	29,939	70.61%	12,306	29.02%	153	0.36%
2000	26,739	69.57%	11,244	29.26%	450	1.17%
1996	21,611	57.66%	13,659	36.45%	2,208	5.89%
1992	20,542	49.11%	12,797	30.59%	8,490	20.30%
1988	26,465	67.19%	12,486	31.70%	436	1.11%
1984	29,697	73.07%	10,700	26.33%	246	0.61%
1980	23,399	68.44%	10,219	29.89%	572	1.67%
1976	17,582	63.68%	9,827	35.59%	203	0.74%
1972	19,927	77.49%	5,325	20.71%	464	1.80%
1968	9,278	40.13%	5,733	24.80%	8,109	35.07%
1964	11,761	57.14%	8,741	42.47%	82	0.40%
1960	10,679	56.99%	7,765	41.44%	293	1.56%
1956	9,440	65.02%	4,881	33.62%	198	1.36%
1952	10,583	56.31%	7,969	42.40%	242	1.29%
1948	2,477	23.45%	5,104	48.31%	2,984	28.24%
1944	1,412	15.56%	6,401	70.52%	1,264	13.93%
1940	1,584	14.41%	9,391	85.45%	15	0.14%
1936	621	8.72%	6,489	91.12%	11	0.15%
1932	341	6.13%	5,204	93.51%	20	0.36%
1928	646	39.29%	996	60.58%	2	0.12%
1924	177	10.59%	1,286	76.96%	208	12.45%
1920	257	16.89%	1,050	68.99%	215	14.13%
1916	159	15.81%	820	81.51%	27	2.68%
1912	129	16.52%	590	75.54%	62	7.94%