List of massacres in India
A massacre is the deliberate slaughter of members of one group by one or more members of another more powerful group. A massacre may be indiscriminate or highly methodical in application. A massacre is a single event, though it may occur during the course of an extended military campaign or war. A massacre is separate from a battle (an event in which opposing sides fight), but may follow in its immediate aftermath, when one side has surrendered or lost the ability to fight, yet the victors persist in killing their opponents.
Pre-colonial India
Name/Place
Date
Location
Perpetrator
Deaths
Notes
Ref(s)
Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)
1303
Chittor , Guhila kingdom
Sultanate of Delhi
30,000
Alauddin Khalji ordered the massacre of 30,000 people of Chittor after besieging and capturing it, according to Amir Khusrau .
[1]
Siege of Chittorgarh (1568)
February 1568
Chittor Fort
Mughal Empire
30,000
Akbar ordered the general massacre of 30,000 non combatants in Chittor and took many as prisoners.
[2] [3]
Capture of Delhi (1398)
1398
Loni, Ghaziabad ,
Delhi Sultanate
Timurid Empire
100,000 Indian captives
Before the Battle of Delhi, Timur the Lame saw his plunder and captured slaves reaching massive numbers. Fearing complications, he ordered his soldiers to kill all 100,000 captives to prevent a rebellion before the attack. Historical accounts are unclear, but an estimated million casualties on the Indian side, including slaves, civilians, and soldiers, is assumed.
[4] [5] [6] [7]
Battle of Ahmednagar
1559-60
Ahmadnagar Sultanate
Vijayanagara Empire
Ahmadnagar Sultanate
Unknown
According to Firishta , the Vijayanagar army of Ram Raya allied with Bijapur laid waste to the Ahmednagar's country so thoroughly that from Parenda to Junnar and from Ahmednagar to Daulatabad , not a vestige of population was left. They also massacred and looted Muslims in Ahmednagar . During the siege of Ahmednagar Fort , Ali Adil Shah of Bijapur and Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah of Golconda also laid waste to the adjacent territory.
[8] [9] [10]
Khejarli massacre
1730
Khejarli
Kingdom of Marwar
363
Bishnois
363 Bishnois killed, tree harvesting halted and outlawed in the Khejarli
[11]
Chhota Ghallughara
1746
Lahore
Mughal Empire
3,000 Sikh prisoners
7,000 Sikhs were killed in battle with armies of Diwan of Lahore . 3,000 were captured and executed in Lahore.
[12] [13]
Vadda Ghalughara
1763
Punjab
Durrani Empire
Est. 25,000–30,000 Sikhs
Perpetrated by Afghan Muslim forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani .
[13]
Colonial India
Name/Place
Date
Location
Deaths
Notes
Reference(s)
Red Fort , peepal tree massacre
16 May 1857
Delhi , Mughal Empire
~ 40–52 Europeans
Bahadur Shah Zafar 's palace servants and Indian soldiers executed the European civilians captured in the previous day's riots.
Mutiny in Allahabad
6 June 1857
Allahabad , Company rule in India
~ 50 Europeans
The 6th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry Mutinied, killing their European officers, and looted the city.
[14]
Siege of Cawnpore
5–25 June 1857
Kanpur , Company rule in India
~ 1,000
Europeans soldiers, merchants, engineers, their wives and children, along with the East India Company sepoys, who were either Christian or refused to join mutiny or join Nana Sahib forces
Massacres by General Neill
17 June–July 1857
Allahabad , Kanpur and surrounding areas, Company rule in India
Thousands of Indian mutineers, suspected rebels and civilians
The massacres at Allahabad took place before the Bibighar massacre; the ones at Kanpur after it
[15]
Satichaura Ghat massacre
27 June 1857
Kanpur , Company rule in India
~ 200 British officers
Massacre by Nana Sahib's forces
[16]
Bibighar massacre
15 July 1857
Kanpur , Company rule in India
~ 200 British women and children
The victims were prisoners under Nana Sahib's forces. The massacre was carried out by a group of butchers, but who ordered it remains unclear.
[17]
Kuka (Namdhari) massacre at Malerkotla
17–18 January 1872
Malerkotla , Punjab , British Raj
~ 65 Kuka (Namdhari) Killed
Mr. Cowan (the Deputy Commissioner of Ludhiana) and Mr. Forsyth (the Commissioner of Ambala) ordered the Namdharis to be executed with cannons, without any trial, on 17 and 18 January 1872 respectively.
[18]
Mangarh massacre
17 November 1913
Mangadh (now Gujarat-Rajasthan), British Raj
Claimed 1,500 tribals
Machine guns and canons were fired under the command of British officers Major S. Bailey and Captain E. Stoiley. R.E. Hamilton, a local political agent had played key role. About 900 more were captured.
[19] [20]
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
13 April 1919
Amritsar , Punjab , British Raj
379–1,500 dead, ~1,100 Indians.
Reginald Edward Harry Dyer ordered a unit of the British Indian Army to open fire on a large meeting, taking place contrary to orders posted by Dyer and subsequent to a series of lynchings, rapes, arsons, and intimidation of local business people by anti-colonial protestors.
Malabar rebellion
October 1921
Malabar , Kerala , British Raj
2,337–10,000 Hindus and Muslims (100,000 Hindus permanently migrated).
Khilafat Movement considered as main cause.
Pal-Chitariya massacre
7 March 1922
Pal-Chitariya, Vijaynagar (now Gujarat), British Raj
Claimed 1200 tribals
The Mewar Bhil Corps led by a British officer, Major H.G. Sutton, fired on a gathering of tribals.
[21]
Kohat riots
9–11 September 1924
Kohat , North-West Frontier Province , British Raj
155 Hindus and Sikhs were killed (3,200 Hindus permanently migrated).
Calcutta riots
15 July 1926
Calcutta , Bengal , British Raj
100+ dead, 200+ injured
A Muslim mob attacked a Hindu possession, later broken up by a mounted police charge on the Muslim rioters.
[22]
United Provinces riots
1923 to 1927
United Provinces , British Raj
thousands dead and injured
88 separate communal riots, including the: 4 September 1927 Nagpur riots, 3–7 May 1927 Lahore, November 1927 Lahore.
[23] [24] [25]
Nagpur riots
4 September 1927
Nagpur , Bombay Presidency , British Raj
22 killed, 100+ injured
Qissa Khwani massacre
23 April 1930
Peshawar , British Raj
1 British Indian Army dispatch rider, and ~ 20– 230 protesters
After a British Indian Army despatch rider was killed and burned in the Bazaar two armoured cars were ordered to drive in and open fire on the protesters.
Amko Simko massacre
25 April 1939
Simko Village, Sundergarh , Odisha British Raj
~ 49 to 300 tribal peasants dead, ~ 50 injured
Crowd of tribals resisting the arrest of freedom fighter Nirmal Munda fired upon by troops of the British Indian army.
[26]
Calcutta Riots
15 August – 17 September 1946
West Bengal , British Raj
7,000 to 10,000 Hindus and Muslims.
Hindus and Muslims clashed during a protest by All-India Muslim League termed as Direct Action Day .
[27]
Noakhali riots
September–October 1946
East Bengal , British Raj
5,000 Hindus
Muslim community attacked Hindu community for seizing wealth and forced conversion to Islam. Around 150,000 to 750,000 survivors were sheltered in temporary relief camps
[28] [29] [30]
Punnapra-Vayalar uprising
March – October 1946
Valayar , Travancore , Kerala British Raj
400
Travancore police attacked communists
[31]
Bihar Massacre
30 October – 7 November 1946
Bihar , British Raj
2,000–3,000 Muslims
By Hindus in reaction to Noakhali riots
[32]
Garhmukteshwar Anti-Muslim Violence
November 1946
United Provinces , British Raj
at least 214 Muslims
Partition of the country into India and Pakistan was looming.
[33]
Independent India
Name/Place
Date
Location
Deaths
Notes
Reference(s)
Partition of India
1947
Punjab , Delhi and Sindh , , Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan
~ 200,000–2,000,000 people
Massacre of Sikhs and Hindus by Muslims in West Punjab and of Muslims by Sikhs and Hindus in East Punjab. The communal violence resulted in the murder of 20,000–25,000 Muslims and 45000-60000 Hindus. UNHCR estimates 14 million were displaced by the violence.
[34] [35] [36] [37]
Jammu massacres
September to November 1947
Jammu division , Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
20,000–100,000 Muslims[38] [39]
20,000+ Hindus and Sikhs[40] [41] [42]
[39] [43] [44] [45] [46]
Kharsawan massacre
1 January 1948
Kharsawan State , Dominion of India
100+ Adivasis
Massacre of Adivasis by Orissa Military Police in Kharsawan market ground.
[47] [48] [49] [50]
Hyderabad Massacres
1948
Hyderabad State
27,000–40,000 Hyderabadi civilians [51]
Mass murder and rape of Muslims by Indian Armed forces and Hindu paramilitary groups.
[51]
Matikhrü massacre
6 September 1960
Matikhrü (now in Phek district , Nagaland)
9 civilians
The incident took place on September 6, 1960, when forces of the 16th Punjab Regiment of the Indian Army committed an act of mass murder against the village of Matikhrü .
[52] [53]
1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation
7 November 1966
New Delhi
7 killed
Hindu Sadhus and protestors killed by government [54]
Kilvenmani massacre
25 December 1968
Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu
44 killed
Striking agricultural workers murdered by a gang, allegedly by their landlords.
1969 Gujarat riots
1969
Gujarat
Officially 660 total; 430 Muslims, 24 Hindus, 58 others/unidentified casualties
Hindu-Muslim riots. 1074 injured and over 48,000 lost their property. Unofficial reports claim as high as 2000 deaths. Muslim community suffered the majority of the losses. Out of the 512 deaths reported in the police complaints, 430 were Muslims. Property worth 42 million rupees destroyed during the riots, with Muslims losing 32 million worth of property.
[55] [56] [57]
Turkman gate demolition and rioting
1976
Delhi
Officially 6, unofficially 15 killed by police (nearly all Muslims).
Killing of Delhi residents who refused to move residence.
[58]
Marichjhapi massacre
31 January 1979
West Bengal
Official figures 2, Hindustan Times quotes 50 to 1000 Hindu refugees. Actual numbers estimated to be around 3000–5000.
Killing of refugees who came from East Pakistan.
[59]
Moradabad riots
1980
Uttar Pradesh
Officially 400; unofficial estimates as high as 2500.
Started as a Muslim-Police conflict; later turned into a Hindu-Muslim riot.
[60]
Mandai massacre
1980
Tripura
255–500 Bengali Hindu refugees
[61]
Gua massacre
8 September 1980
Bihar
11 Adivasis
Massacre of Adivasis by Bihar Military Police in a hospital.
[62] [63] [64]
Khoirabari massacre
7 February 1983
Assam
100-500 Bengalis
[65] [66]
Nellie massacre
18 February 1983
Assam
2,191 Bengalis, majorly Muslim
In Assam
[67]
Train Passenger massacre I (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab )
23 February 1984
Punjab
11 Hindus
1984 anti-Sikh riots
31 October – 4 November 1984
Primarily Delhi but also other parts of India
8,000 - 17,000 Sikhs all over India
Series of riots after Assassination of Indira Gandhi .
Hondh-Chillar massacre (part of the 1984 anti-Sikh riots )
2 November 1984
Hondh-Chillar , Haryana
32 Sikhs
Rioting by Indian National Congress Party members after Assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Desri Ground massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab )
28 March 1986
Ludhiana , Punjab
13 Hindus
Mallian massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab )
29 March 1986
Jalandhar , Punjab
20 Hindu labourers
Bus Passenger massacre III (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab )
25 July 1986
Mukatsar , Punjab
15 Hindus
Bus Passenger massacre IV (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab )
30 November 1986
Khudda, Punjab
24 Hindus
Hashimpura massacre
22 May 1987
Meerut , Uttar Pradesh
42 Muslims
Bus Passenger massacre V (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab )
July 1987
Fatehbad , Haryana
80 Hindus
Jagdev Kalan massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab )
6 August 1987
Punjab
13 Hindus
Rajbah massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab )
31 March 1988
Punjab
18 Hindus belonging to 1 family
Train Passenger massacre II (part of the 1991 Punjab killings )
15 June 1988
Ludhiana , Punjab
80 (mostly Hindus)
Train Passenger massacre III (part of the 1991 Punjab killings )
December 1988
Ludhiana , Punjab
49 (mostly Hindus)
Hazaribagh massacre
September 1989
Hazaribagh
53 Hindus and 20 Muslims
[citation needed ]
Bhagalpur riots
October 1989
Bhagalpur , Bihar
The total dead numbered around 1000, around 900 were Muslims; it was difficult to establish the religious identity of other victims.
Two false rumors about the killing of Hindu students started circulating: one rumor stated that nearly 200 Hindu university students had been killed by the Muslims, while another rumor stated that 31 Hindu boys had been murdered with their bodies dumped in a well at the Sanskrit College.
1990 Kashmiri Hindus killings
1990s
Kashmir Valley
30–80 Kashmiri Pandits[68] [69]
Large numbers had fled since 1989 to escape targeted killings and abductions. 219 were killed from 1989 to 2004 according to government of Jammu and Kashmir , while an organization of the community in Kashmir carried out a survey whose data stated that 399 had been killed since 1990 with an estimated 75% killed in 1990 alone.
[70] [71]
[72] [73]
Gawkadal massacre
20 January 1990
Srinagar , Jammu and Kashmir
50 Kashmiri Protestors
Indian Forces opened fire, with heavy guns, on a group of Kashmiri protesters, who were pelting stones at the police
Ayodhya police firing on Karsevaks
30 October 1990 and 2 November 1990
Ayodhya , Uttar Pradesh
16 Hindus (official figure)
Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav ordered the police to open fire on kar sevaks who reached Ayodhya. The dead bodies were allegedly thrown in Saryu river.
[74] [75] [76]
1991 anti-Tamil violence in Karnataka
12–13 December 1991
Mainly Bangalore , Mysore but also other parts of southern Karnataka
18 Tamils
violent attacks originated in the demonstrations organised against the orders of the Cauvery Water Tribunal
Bombay riots
December 1992 – January 1993
Mumbai
575 Muslims, 275 Hindus, 45 unknown and 5 others
Hindu-Muslim communal riot as an effect of Demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya .
Sopore massacre
6 January 1993
Sopore , Jammu and Kashmir
55 Kashmiri students
Security forces fired on procession.
1993 Kishtwar massacre
14 August 1993
Sarthal, Kishtwar , Jammu and Kashmir
17 Hindu bus passengers
Militants segregated bus passengers into Hindus and Muslims and fired upon the Hindu group
[77] [78]
Bijbehara massacre
22 October 1993
Bijbehara , Jammu and Kashmir
55 Kashmiri protestors
Indian armed forces fired upon unarmed Kashmiri protestors resulting in 55 civilian deaths.
1994 Mokokchung Massacre
27 December 1994
Mokokchung , Nagaland
12 civilians
The incident took place when forces of the 10 Assam Rifles and the 12 Maratha Light Infantry of the Indian Army raided upon civilian populace of Nagaland 's Mokokchung .
[79] [80]
1995 Kohima massacre
5 March 1995
Kohima , Nagaland
7 civilians
The incident was sparked off by a tyre burst from an army convoy's own vehicle leading the armed troops to fire at civilian populace after mistaking the sound of the tyre bursting for a bomb attack.
[81]
1997 Ramabai killings
11 July 1997
Ramabai colony, Mumbai
10 people of the Dalit caste
A team of State Reserve Police Force members fired upon a crowd protesting the recent desecration of a statue of Dalit activist B. R. Ambedkar .
Laxmanpur Bathe massacre
1 December 1997
Arwal district , Bihar
58 people of the Dalit caste
Upper caste Ranvir Sena enter village at night and kill 58 Dalits , were sympathizers of the Maoists behind the killing of 37 upper caste men in Bara in Gaya district in 1992.
[82]
1998 Wandhama massacre
25 January 1998
Wandhama, Jammu and Kashmir
23 Kashmiri Pandit
Unknown militants
1998 Prankote massacre
17 April 1998
Prankote, Udhampur , Jammu and Kashmir
26 Hindus
1998 Chapnari massacre
19 June 1998
Chapnari, Jammu and Kashmir
25 Hindus
Allegedly perpetrated by Pakistani-backed insurgents.
1998 Chamba massacre
3 August 1998
Chamba district , Himachal Pradesh
35 Hindus
Attack by Islamic militant group
Manjolai labourers massacre
23 July 1999
Tirunelveli , Tamil Nadu
17 Dalits
Forceful dispersion of protestors by police
Chittisinghpura massacre
20 March 2000
Chittisinghpura , Anantnag district , Jammu and Kashmir
36 Sikhs
Attack by Islamic militant group
Gouranga Tilla massacre
2000
Tripura
16 non-tribal Hindus
[83]
Bagber massacre
20 May 2000
Tripura
25 non-tribal Hindus
[83]
Nanoor massacre
27 July 2000
West Bengal
11 labourers
2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre
1 August 2000
Jammu and Kashmir
30 (Hindu pilgrims)
Attack by Muslim militants
Bhojpur village massacre
15 October 2000
Bhojpur village, Bihar
5 members of a lower caste (including a former village chief) were killed and another three were wounded in an attack.
8 of the gunmen of the Akhilesh Singh Gang were arrested following the attack[84]
[85]
2001 Aluva massacre
6 January 2001
Aluva , Kerala
6 members of a family
2001 Kishtwar massacre
3 August 2001
Jammu and Kashmir
19 Hindus
Attack by Muslim militants
Godhra massacre
27 February 2002
Godhra, Gujarat
59 Hindus
Hindu passengers (mostly women and children) burnt alive and pelted with rocks. Different commissions were set up; one was by the Government of Gujarat to investigate the train burning spent 6 years going over the details of the case, and concluded that the fire was arson committed by a mob of 1000–2000 people. But some reports say the cause of the Godhra train fire is still uncertain. The court convicted 31 Muslims and another 63 were acquitted due to lack of evidence.
[86] [87] [88]
2002 Gujarat riots
28 February 2002
Ahmedabad
As per government reports, 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus killed, 223 reported missing, 2,500 injured. Unofficial estimates by groups like Human Rights Watch put the death toll to over 2,000.[89] [90]
Communal violence
[91]
Gulbarg Society massacre (part of the 2002 Gujarat riots )
28 February 2002
Ahmedabad
69 (mostly Muslims)
Naroda Patiya massacre (part of the 2002 Gujarat riots )
28 February 2002
Naroda , Ahmedabad
97 Muslims
[92] [93] [94]
March 2002 Raghunath attack (part of 2002 Raghunath temple attacks )
30 March 2002
Jammu & Kashmir
11 Hindus killed, 20 injured (Hindu devotees)
Muslim militant
2002 Qasim Nagar massacre
13 July 2002
Jammu and Kashmir
29 Hindus
Terrorist attack
Akshardham Temple attack
24 September 2002
Gujarat
29 killed, 79 injured (Hindus)
Terrorist attack
November 2002 Raghunath temple attack (part of 2002 Raghunath temple attacks )
24 November 2002
Jammu & Kashmir
14 killed, 45 injured (mostly Hindu devotees)
Blamed on Lashkar-e-Taiba
[95]
2003 Nadimarg massacre
23 March 2002
Jammu and Kashmir
24 Hindus
Terrorist attack
2002 Kaluchak massacre
14 May 2002
Jammu and Kashmir
31
Terrorist attack on a tourist bus and Army's family quarter.
Marad massacre
May 2003
Kerala
8 killed, 58 injured - A.
Kamalnagar massacre
14 August 2003
Tripura
14 killed
[96]
2006 Varanasi bombings
March 2006
Uttar Pradesh
28 killed, 101 injured - Devotees of Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple targeted
Terrorist attack on a Hindu temple.
2006 Doda massacre
30 April 2006
Jammu & Kashmir
35 Hindus
Terrorist attack
2007 Samjhauta Express bombings
18 February 2007
Diwana station
68 people mostly Pakistani nationals and some Indians including some Railway employees
[97]
2008 Mumbai attacks
26 November 2008
Mumbai
Over 164 killed, over 600 injured
11 coordinated attacks by proven Pakistani terrorists; casualties include people of various nationalities, and Israeli victims were reportedly tortured before being killed.
[98]
April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada
6 April 2010
Chhattisgarh
76
Maoist militant ambushed CRPF
2010 Dantewada bus bombing
17 May 2010
Chhattisgarh
44
Maoist militant attacked a civilian bus.
2012 Assam violence
July 2012
Assam
77
Racial sentiments of the majority Assamese and Bodo community towards the local Bengali speaking Bangladeshi Muslim community leads to several attempts to deport the minority Bengali Muslums to Bangladesh forcefully, thus with a protest in defence from the other party, Communal violence broke out between Assamese, Bodos (Tribal, Christian, and Hindu faith) and Bengali speaking Bangladeshi Muslims.
2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley
25 May 2013
Darbha Valley, Sukma district, Chhattisgarh
28
28 people from a Congress Party motorcade
2013 Muzaffarnagar riots
25 August 2013 – 17 September 2013
Muzaffarnagar district , Uttar Pradesh
42 Muslims and 20 Hindus killed and 93 injured
Eve teasing of Hindu Girls, murder of a Muslim boy, then public lynching of the murderers (two Hindu boys) triggered communal riot between the Hindu and the Muslim community.
2017 Amarnath Yatra attack
10 July 2017
Anantnag district , Jammu and Kashmir
8 Hindu pilgrims
A bus carrying Hindu pilgrims of Amarnath Yatra was attacked by Lashkar-e-Taiba , resulting in deaths of 8 pilgrims.
[99]
2017 Northern India riots
25-26 August 2017
Panjab , Haryana , Chandigarh district , Northern India
41+ killed and 300+ injured
546 Arrested, Nearly 1000 Detained, Caused by Rape conviction of Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh , Charged Honeypreet Insan, Rioting and arson
2020 Delhi riots
23 February 2020 – 1 March 2020
North East Delhi
53 killed and 200+ injured, both Hindus and Muslims
2,200 arrested (including detained). Caused by clashes between pro-CAA mobs and anti-CAA mobs.
2021 Nagaland killings
4 December 2021
Oting, Mon district , Nagaland
13 killed
Ethnic clashes
[100]
2023 Manipur violence
3 May 2023
Manipur
181+ killed and 310+ injured
Caused by ethnic tensions between Meitei and Kuki-Zomi
[101]
2023 Haryana riots
31 July 2023
Nuh district , Haryana
6 killed - 5 Hindus (two police officers, three pilgrims), 1 Muslim and 200+ injured
116 arrested. Organized Muslim mob attacked Hindu religious procession.
[102]
See also
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