The Council of Ministers are responsible to the House in which they sit, they make statements in that House and take questions from fellow members of that House. For most senior ministers this is usually the directly elected Lok Sabha rather than the (mostly) indirectly elected Rajya Sabha. As is the case in most parliamentary systems, the government is dependent on Parliament to legislate, and general elections are held every five years to elect a new Lok Sabha. The most recent election was in 2024.
After an election, the president selects as prime minister the leader of the party or alliance most likely to command the confidence of the majority of the Lok Sabha. In the event that the prime minister is not a member of either House upon appointment, he/she is given six months to be elected to either House of Parliament.
India today prides itself in being the world's largest democracy, and the 4th largest economy in the world. Even though much remains to be done, especially in regard to eradicating poverty and securing effective structures of governance, India's achievements since independence in sustaining freedom and democracy have been singular among the world's new nations.[12]
The basic civil and criminal laws governing the citizens of India are set down in major parliamentary legislation, such as the civil procedure code, the penal code, and the criminal procedure code.[16] Similar to the Union government, individual state governments each consist of executive, legislative and judiciary branches. The legal system as applicable to the Union and individual state governments is based on the English common and Statutory Law.[17] The full name of the country is the Republic of India. India and Bharat are equally official short names for the Republic of India in the Constitution,[18] and both names appears on legal banknotes, in treaties and in legal cases. The terms "Union government", "central government" and "bhārat sarkār" are often used officially and unofficially to refer to the government of India.[citation needed] The term New Delhi is commonly used as a metonym for the Union government,[19] as the seat of the central government is in New Delhi.
The powers of the legislature in India are exercised by the Parliament, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha. Of the two houses of parliament, the Rajya Sabha (or the 'Council of States') is considered to be the upper house and consists of members appointed by the president and elected by the state and territorial legislatures. The Lok Sabha (or the 'House of the People') is considered the lower house.[20]
The parliament does not have complete control and sovereignty, as its laws are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court.[21] However, it does exercise some control over the executive. The members of the Council of Ministers, including the prime minister, are either chosen from parliament or elected there within six months of assuming office.[22] The council as a whole is responsible to the Lok Sabha.[23] The Lok Sabha is a temporary house and can be dissolved only when the party in power loses the support of the majority of the house. The Rajya Sabha is a permanent house and can never be dissolved. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a six-year term.[24]
Executive
The executive of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the republican idea of the separation of powers.[25]
The executive power is vested mainly in the President of India, as per Article 53(1) of the constitution. The president has all constitutional powers and exercises them directly or through subordinate officers as per the aforesaid Article 53(1). The president is to act following aid and advice tendered by the Prime Minister, who leads the Council of Ministers as described in Article 74 of the Constitution.
The council of ministers remains in power during the 'pleasure' of the president. However, in practice, the council of ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha. If a president were to dismiss the council of ministers on his or her initiative, it might trigger a constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it holds the support of a majority in the Lok Sabha.
The President of India can grant a pardon to or reduce the sentence of a convicted person once, particularly in cases involving the punishment of death. The decisions involving pardoning and other rights by the president are independent of the opinion of the prime minister or the Lok Sabha majority. In most other cases, however, the president exercises his or her executive powers on the advice of the prime minister.[29] Presently, the President of India is Droupadi Murmu.
The vice president is the second-highest constitutional position in India after the president. The vice president represents the nation in the absence of the president and takes charge as acting president in the incident of resignation impeachment or removal of the president. The vice president also has the legislative function of acting as the chairman of the Rajya Sabha.[30] The vice president is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both the houses of the parliament following the system of proportional representation employing the single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot conducted by the election commission.
The Prime Minister of India, as addressed in the Constitution of India, is the chief executive of the government and the leader of the majority party that holds a majority in the Lok Sabha. The prime minister leads the executive of the Government of India.
The prime minister is the senior member of the cabinet in the executive government in a parliamentary system. The prime minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet; allocates posts to members within the Government; is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet and is responsible for bringing a proposal of legislation. The resignation or death of the prime minister dissolves the cabinet.
The prime minister is appointed by the president to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive.
The organizational structure of a department of the Government of India.
The Union Council of Ministers includes the prime minister, Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State (MoS).[31] Each minister must be a member of one of the houses of the parliament. The cabinet is headed by the prime minister, and is advised by the cabinet secretary, who also acts as the head of the Indian Administrative Service and other civil services. Other members of the council are either union cabinet ministers, who are heads of various ministries; or ministers of state, who are junior members who report directly to one of the cabinet ministers, often overseeing a specific aspect of government; or ministers of state (independent charges), who do not report to a cabinet minister. As per article 88 of the constitution, every minister shall have the right to speak in, and to take part in the proceedings of, either house, any joint sitting of the houses, and any committee of parliament of which he may be named a member, but shall not be entitled to a vote in the house where he is not a member.
A secretary to the Government of India, a civil servant, generally an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer,[32][33][34][35] is the administrative head of the ministry or department, and is the principal adviser to the minister on all matters of policy and administration within the ministry/department.[36][37] Secretaries to the Government of India rank 23rd on Indian order of precedence.[38][39][40][41] Secretaries at the higher level are assisted by one or many additional secretaries, who are further assisted by joint secretaries.[37] At the middle they are assisted by directors/deputy secretaries and under secretaries.[37] At the lower level, there are section officers, assistant section officers, upper division clerks, lower division clerks and other secretarial staff.[37]
Ministries and departments of the Government of India
The Civil Services of India are the civil services and the permanent bureaucracy of India. The executive decisions are implemented by the Indian civil servants.
In the parliamentary democracy of India, the ultimate responsibility for running the administration rests with the elected representatives of the people which are the ministers. These ministers are accountable to the legislatures which are also elected by the people based on universal adult suffrage. The ministers are indirectly responsible to the people themselves. But the handful of ministers is not expected to deal personally with the various problems of modern administration. Thus the ministers lay down the policy and it is for the civil servants to enforce it.
The cabinet secretary (IAST: Maṃtrimaṇḍala Saciva) is the top-most executive official and senior-most civil servant of the Government of India. The cabinet secretary is the ex-officio head of the Civil Services Board, the Cabinet Secretariat, the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the head of all civil services under the rules of business of the government.
India's independent union judicial system began under the British, and its concepts and procedures resemble those of Anglo-Saxon countries. The Supreme Court of India consists of the chief justice and 33 associate justices, all appointed by the president on the advice of the Chief Justice of India. The jury trials were abolished in India in the early 1960s, after the famous case KM Nanavati v. the State of Maharashtra, for reasons of being vulnerable to media and public pressure, as well as to being misled.
As the final court of appeal of the country, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the high courts of various states of the Union and other courts and tribunals. It safeguards fundamental rights of citizens and settles disputes between various governments in the country. As an advisory court, it hears matters which may specifically be referred to it under the constitution by the president. It also may take cognisance of matters on its own (or 'suo moto'), without anyone drawing its attention to them. The law declared by the supreme court becomes binding on all courts within India and also by the union and state governments.[43] Per Article 142, it is the duty of the president to enforce the decrees of the supreme court.
In addition, Article 32 of the constitution gives an extensive original jurisdiction to the supreme court concerning enforcing fundamental rights. It is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari to enforce them. The supreme court has been conferred with power to direct the transfer of any civil or criminal case from one state high court to another state high court, or from a Court subordinate to another state high court and the supreme court. Although the proceedings in the supreme court arise out of the judgment or orders made by the subordinate courts, of late[when?] the supreme court has started entertaining matters in which the interest of the public at large is involved. This may be done by any individual or group of persons either by filing a writ petition at the filing counter of the court or by addressing a letter to the Chief Justice of India, highlighting the question of public importance for redress. These are known as public interest litigations.[44]
India has a quasi-federal form of government, called "union" or "central" government,[45] with elected officials at the union, state and local levels. At the national level, the head of government, the prime minister, is appointed by the president of India from the party or coalition that has the majority of seats in the Lok Sabha. The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected for a term of five years by universal adult suffrage through a first-past-the-post voting system. Members of the Rajya Sabha, which represents the states, are elected by the members of State legislative assemblies by proportional representation, except for 12 members who are nominated by the president.
India is currently the largest democracy in the world, with around 900 million eligible voters, as of 2019.[46]
In India, power is divided between the governments of the union and the states of India,[47] the latter being ruled by the chiefs ministers.[48] The state legislature is bicameral in five states and unicameral in the rest.[49] The lower house is elected with a five-year term, while in the upper house one-third of the members in the house gets elected every two years with six-year terms.
Local governments function at the basic level. It is the third level of government apart from union and state governments. It consists of panchayats in rural areas and municipalities in urban areas. They are elected directly or indirectly by the people.
India has a three-tier tax structure, wherein the constitution empowers the union government to levy income tax, tax on capital transactions (wealth tax, inheritance tax), sales tax, service tax, customs and excise duties and the state governments to levy sales tax on intrastate sale of goods, taxon entertainment and professions, excise duties on manufacture of alcohol, stamp duties on transfer of property and collect land revenue (levy on land owned). The local governments are empowered by the state government to levy property tax and charge users for public utilities like water supply, sewage etc.[50] More than half of the revenues of the union and state governments come from taxes, of which 3/4 come from direct taxes. More than a quarter of the union government's tax revenues are shared with the state governments.[51]
The tax reforms, initiated in 1991, have sought to rationalise the tax structure and increase compliance by taking steps in the following directions:
Reducing the rates of individual and corporate income taxes, excises, and customs and making it more progressive
21 of the 29 states introduced value added tax (VAT) on 1 April 2005 to replace the complex and multiple sales tax system[50][52]
The non-tax revenues of the central government come from fiscal services, interest receipts, public sector dividends, etc., while the non-tax revenues of the States are grants from the central government, interest receipts, dividends and income from general, economic and social services.[53]
Inter-state share in the union tax pool is decided by the recommendations of the Finance Commission to the president.
Total tax receipts of Centre and State amount to approximately 18% of national GDP. This compares to a figure of 37–45% in the OECD.
The Finance minister of India usually presents the annual union budget in the parliament on the last working day of February. However, for the F.Y. 2017–18, this tradition had been changed. Now the budget will be presented on the 1st day of February. The budget has to be passed by the Lok Sabha before it can come into effect on 1 April, the start of India's fiscal year. The Union budget is preceded by an economic survey which outlines the broad direction of the budget and the economic performance of the country for the outgoing financial year[54]
India's non-development revenue expenditure had increased nearly five-fold in 2003–04 since 1990–91 and more than tenfold from 1985 to 1986. Interest payments are the single largest item of expenditure and accounted for more than 40% of the total non-development expenditure in the 2003–04 budget. Defence expenditure increased fourfold during the same period and has been increasing to defend from a difficult neighbourhood and external terror threats. In 2020–21, India's defence budget stood at ₹4.71 trillion (equivalent to ₹5.5 trillion or US$66 billion in 2023).
In 2009, several ministers are accused of corruption and nearly a quarter of the 543 elected members of parliament had been charged with crimes, including murder.[55] Many of the biggest scandals since 2010 have involved high-level government officials, including cabinet ministers and chief ministers, such as the 2010 Commonwealth Games scam (₹700 billion (equivalent to ₹1.6 trillion or US$19 billion in 2023)), the Adarsh Housing Society scam, the Coal Mining Scam (₹1.86 trillion (equivalent to ₹4.2 trillion or US$50 billion in 2023)), the mining scandal in Karnataka and the cash-for-votes scandal.
^Pratiyogita Darpan (March 2007). Pratiyogita Darpan. Pratiyogita Darpan. p. 60. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
^Bakshi, Parvinrai Mulwantrai (2010). The Constitution of India (10th ed.). New Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. p. 48. ISBN978-8175348400. OCLC551377953.
^ abBernardi, Luigi; Fraschini, Angela (2005). "Tax System And Tax Reforms in India". Polis Working Papers. Working paper n. 51. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
^Tax revenue was 88% of total union government revenue in 1950–51 and has come down to 73% in 2003–04, as a result of the increase in non-tax revenue. Tax revenues were 70% of total state government revenues from 2002 to 2003. Indirect taxes were 84% of the union government's total tax revenue and have come down to 62% in 2003–04, mostly because of cuts in import duties and rationalisation. The state's share in the union government's tax revenue is 28.0% for the period 2000 to 2005 as per the recommendations of the eleventh finance commission. In addition, states that do not levy sales tax on sugar, textiles and tobacco, are entitled to 1.5% of the proceeds.Datt, Ruddar; Sundharam, K.P.M. (2005). Indian Economy. S.Chand. pp. 938, 942, 946. ISBN81-219-0298-3.
Subrata K. Mitra and V. B. Singh (1999). Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate. New Delhi: Sage Publications. ISBN81-7036-809-X (India HB), ISBN0-7619-9344-4 (US HB).
Contrôleur général des lieux de privation de libertéLogo du CGLPLHistoireFondation 12 mars 2008Prédécesseur Commission nationale de contrôle des centres et locaux de rétention administrative et des zones d'attenteCadreForme juridique Autorité administrative ou publique indépendanteDomaine d'activité Administration publique généralePays FranceOrganisationEffectif 33 permanents et 25 intervenants extérieurs[1]Directrice Dominique Simonnot (depuis 2020)Site web www.cglpl.frmo...
2013 Indian filmChatrapathiChatrapathi Kannada Movie PosterDirected byDinesh GandhiWritten byV. Vijayendra PrasadBased onChatrapathi by S.S.RajamouliProduced byDinesh GandhiStarringSiddhanthPriyadarshiniCinematographyDasari SeenuEdited byS. ManoharMusic byM. M. KeeravaniRajesh RamnathProductioncompanyS. S. CombinesRelease date 27 December 2013 (2013-12-27) CountryIndiaLanguageKannada Chatrapathi (Kannada: ಛತ್ರಪತಿ) is a 2013 Indian Kannada-language action film dire...
Bandar Udara Internasional TontoutaAéroport de Nouméa - La TontoutaIATA: NOUICAO: NWWW NOULokasi bandar udara di Kaledonia BariInformasiJenisPublikPengelolaKaledonia Baru Kamar Dagang & IndustriLokasiPaïta, Kaledonia BaruKetinggian dpl16 mdplKoordinat22°00′59″S 166°12′58″E / 22.01639°S 166.21611°E / -22.01639; 166.21611Landasan pacu Arah Panjang Permukaan kaki m 11/29 10,663 3,250 Aspal Bandar Udara Internasional La Tontouta atau Bandar Uda...
Egeris Parochie van Denemarken Situering Bisdom Bisdom Viborg Gemeente Skive Coördinaten 56°33'5,000NB, 9°1'41,002OL Algemeen Inwoners (2004) 6948 Leden Volkskerk (2004) 6063 Overig Kerken Egeris Kirke Proosdij Skive Provsti Pastoraat Egeris Foto's Portaal Denemarken Egeris is een parochie van de Deense Volkskerk in de Deense gemeente Skive. De parochie maakt deel uit van het bisdom Viborg en telt 6063 kerkleden op een bevolking van 6948 (2004). Tot 1970 was de parochie deel v...
Apedrejamento do Diabo na cidade de Mina O apedrejamento do Diabo (em árabe: رمي الجمرات ramī aj-jamarāt, lit. apedrejamento de jamarāt [local dos pedregulhos][1][2][3]) é um ritual muçulmano que consiste em jogar pedras num pilar em Mina, Arábia Saudita, é um ritual que lembra a peregrinação de Abraão à Meca.[4] Pisoteamentos Em 1998, 107 pessoas morreram pisoteadas no último dia da cerimônia muçulmana do Haj, a peregrinação a Meca, na Arábia Saudita. O incide...
A variation of Cartoon Network's current logo, which resembles the network's original logo, used since 2010. This is a list of television programs currently or formerly broadcast by Cartoon Network in the United States. The network was launched on October 1, 1992, and airs mainly animated programming, ranging from action to animated comedy. In its early years, Cartoon Network's programming was predominantly made up of reruns of Looney Tunes, Tom and Jerry, and Hanna-Barbera shows (most notabl...
Anders Dreyer Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Anders Laustrup Dreyer[1]Tanggal lahir 2 Mei 1998 (umur 25)Tempat lahir Bramming, DenmarkPosisi bermain GelandangInformasi klubKlub saat ini FC MidtjyllandNomor 36Karier junior Ribe BK Bramming BK Esbjerg fBKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2016–2018 Esbjerg fB 41 (20)2018–2020 Brighton & Hove Albion 0 (0)2019 → St Mirren (pinjaman) 10 (1)2019–2020 → SC Heerenveen (pinjaman) 11 (1)2020– FC Midtjylland 0 (0)Tim nasional...
Kontributor utama artikel ini tampaknya memiliki hubungan dekat dengan subjek. Artikel ini mungkin memerlukan perapian untuk mematuhi kebijakan konten Wikipedia, terutama dalam hal sudut pandang netral. Silakan dibahas lebih lanjut di halaman pembicaraan artikel ini. Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau pranala luar ke sumber-sumber tepercaya yang dapat menyatakan kelayakan dari subyek yang dibahas.(ajukan diskusi keberatan penghapusan)Artikel ini akan dihapus pada 17 November 2023 ...
Vladimír Fischer (* 4. Juli 1870 in Fryšták, Mähren; † 28. Oktober 1947 in Brünn) war ein tschechischer Architekt, Professor an der Tschechischen Technischen Hochschule zu Brünn und 1931–1932 deren Rektor. Leben Rathaus in Tišnov Neues Rathaus in Ostrau Kirche St. Augustinus in Brünn Fischers Vater Anton Fischer war ein Baumeister, der in Fryšták und später Holešov eine eigene Firma besaß. Von 1887 bis 1893 studierte Vladimír Fischer an der Tschechischen Techn...
Jani IswantoJani IswantoAsisten Logistik KasadMasa jabatan13 Juli 2018 – 13 September 2021PendahuluIrwanPenggantiSaiful Rachiman Informasi pribadiLahir25 Januari 1964 (umur 59)Padang, Sumatera BaratAlma materAkademi Militer (1987)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan DaratMasa dinas1987—2022Pangkat Mayor Jenderal TNISatuanPeralatan (CPL)Sunting kotak info • L • B Mayor Jenderal TNI (Purn.) Jani Iswanto, M.A. (lahir 25 Januari 1964) ad...
1st episode of the 1st season of Ted Lasso PilotTed Lasso episodeEpisode no.Season 1Episode 1Directed byTom MarshallStory by Jason Sudeikis Bill Lawrence Brendan Hunt Joe Kelly Teleplay by Jason Sudeikis Bill Lawrence Produced by Bill Lawrence Jason Sudeikis Jeff Ingold Bill Wrubel Tom Marshall Featured music God Save the Queen by Sex Pistols Simplify by Las Coast Make the Music with Your Mouth, Biz by Biz Markie Cinematography byDavid RomEditing byMelissa McCoyOriginal release dateAugus...
The distinguishing patch of the 54th Battalion (Kootenay), CEF.The 54th Battalion (Kootenay), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War. History The 54th Battalion was authorized on 7 November 1914, embarked for Britain on 22 November 1915 and disembarked in France on 14 August 1916. It fought as part of the 11th Infantry Brigade, 4th Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. The battalion was disbanded on 30 August 1920.&...
Джерело № 4Країна УкраїнаРозташування Україна,Закарпатська область, Тячівський районПлоща 0,5Засновано 1984Оператор Русько-Мокрянська сільська радаПосилання Джерело № 4 — гідрологічна пам'ятка природи місцевого значення. Об'єкт розташований на території Тячівськ...
Juan Sebastián Verón Datos personalesNombre completo Juan Sebastián VerónApodo(s) La Bruja, La BrujitaNacimiento La Plata, Buenos Aires9 de marzo de 1975 (48 años)Nacionalidad(es) ArgentinaAltura 1,82 m (6′ 0″)Peso 79 kg (174 lb)Carrera deportivaDeporte FútbolClub profesionalDebut deportivo 10 de julio de 1993(Estudiantes de La Plata)Posición MediocampistaGoles en clubes 75 (631 PJ)Retirada deportiva 25 de mayo de 2017(Estudiantes de La Plata)Selección nacional...
For other uses, see Thurles (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Thurles civil parish – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Location of Thurles in the civil parishes of North Tipperary Map of the t...
This article may contain citations that do not verify the text. Please check for citation inaccuracies. (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Ice City BoyzBackground informationOriginChurch End, London, EnglandGenres British hip hop road rap UK drill Years active2012–presentLabelsZino RecordsMembersSee list Ice City Boyz, often abbreviated as ICB, also known as CSB (Crime Scene Boyz) and CRS (Church Road Soldiers), is a British hip hop collective from Church End, L...
Puerto Rican baseball player (born 1996) Baseball player Emmanuel RiveraRivera with the Omaha Storm Chasers in 2021Arizona Diamondbacks – No. 15Third BasemanBorn: (1996-06-29) June 29, 1996 (age 27)Mayagüez, Puerto RicoBats: RightThrows: RightMLB debutJune 28, 2021, for the Kansas City RoyalsMLB statistics (through 2023 season)Batting average.247Home runs17Runs batted in74 Teams Kansas City Royals (2021–2022) Arizona Diamondbacks (2022–present) Emmanuel Miguel River...
State park in North Carolina, United States This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Morrow Mountain State Park – news · newspapers · books · scholar ...
.png)
.jpg)
