Longhorn cowfish

Longhorn cowfish
	A longhorn cowfish in Aquarium Finisterrae (Spain)
	Several boxfish, including the longhorn cowfish.
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Tetraodontiformes
Family:	Ostraciidae
Genus:	Lactoria
Species:	L. cornuta
Binomial name
	Lactoria cornuta; (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
	Ostracion cornutus Linnaeus, 1758;

The longhorn cowfish (Lactoria cornuta), also called the horned boxfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Ostraciidae, the boxfishes. This species is recognizable by its long horns that protrude from the front of its head, rather like those of a cow or bull.^[3] They are a resident of the Indo-Pacific region and can grow up to 50 cm (20 in) long.

Adults are reef fish, often solitary and territorial, and live around sand or rubble bottom up to a depth of 50 m (160 ft). They are omnivorous, feeding upon benthic algae, various microorganisms, and foraminiferans that it strains from sediments, sponges, polychaete worms from sand flats, mollusks, small crustaceans, and small fish, able to feed on benthic invertebrates by blowing jets of water into the sandy substrate. Longhorn cowfish protect the coral reefs they live in by being predators of the invertebrates that destroy the reefs. They are also important in the growth and creation of coral reefs for this same reason.^[4]

Taxonomy

The longhorn cowfish was first formally described as Ostracion cornutus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae published in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus with its type locality given as India.^[5] In 1902 David Starr Jordan and Henry Weed Fowler proposed the subgenus Lactoria within Ostracion and designated O. cornutus as its type species.^[6] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this genus within the family Ostraciidae in the suborder Ostracioidea within the order Tetraodontiformes.^[7]

Etymology

The longhorn cowfish is classified within the genus Lactoria, an name that means a "milkcow", a reference to the large spines above the eyes resembling the horns of a cow. The fishes in this genus are known as cowfishes, as are some related species. The specific name cornutus, means "horned", an allusion to the large spines in front of the eyes.^[8]

Habitat

Its primary habitat is coral reefs in lagoons, on reef flats, estuaries, bays, and on protected seaward reefs.^[9] Juveniles associate with Acropora corals. Depth range is 1–45 m (3 ft 3 in – 147 ft 8 in), perhaps up to 100 m (330 ft).

Range

Red Sea and East Africa eastward through Indonesia to Marquesas, northward to southern Japan. Including Tuamotus, southern Korea, north to the Ryukyu Islands of southern Japan, south to Australia and Lord Howe Island. Tropical and subtropical waters. The specimens found in India are a new development in the last couple years, and it is speculated that cyclones or typhoons brought Lactoria cornuta to a new environment.^[10]^[11]

Physiology

There is no known sexual dimorphism, so both male and female display a yellow to olive base color, which is decorated with white or bluish spots. Paired courtship just before or after sunset. Eggs and ichthyoplankton are pelagic. Females generally are larger than males. Males grow to be 65–155 mm with an average of 103 mm, while females grow to be 83–250 mm with an average of 121 mm. Female longhorn cowfish also weigh more than males with a weight range of 17–156 g with an average of 33 g while males have a weight range of 12–116 g with an average of 26 g.^[9]

One distinction from other fish is the lack of a gill cover, which is replaced by a small slit or hole. The hexagonal plate-like scales of these fish are fused together into a solid, triangular, box-like carapace, from which the fins and tail protrude. They have large eyes immediately behind the horns.^[9] Their unique method of swimming, called ostraciiform swimming, causes them to look as if they are hovering. They have no pelvic skeleton, so they lack pelvic fins. The tail fin of the longhorn cowfish can be the same length as its body, as it relies on its fins for movement.^[12] They are such slow swimmers cowfish are easily caught by hand, making a grunting noise when captured. The cowfish are also able to produce two kinds of sounds using muscles connected to their swim bladder, hums and clicks.^[13] This species of cowfish is the most well-known cowfish species in the aquarium trade.

Defense

If severely stressed, this species may be able to exude deadly toxin, pahutoxin, an ichthyotoxic, hemolytic, heat-stable, non-dialyzable, non-protein poison in the mucous secretions of their skin. It is apparently unique among known fish poisons; it is toxic to the boxfish and mimics sea cucumber toxins in general properties.

The horns of the Longhorn cowfish may have evolved to make it more difficult to swallow for predators. The horns of the boxfish can be used to ward off predators through charging at the predator.^[14] If damaged, these horns can grow back within a few months.^[15] These horns are mostly hollow and composed of mineralized collagen fibers.^[16] Both the hard armor exoskeleton and the use of the toxic secretion are solid defenses against predators. There are also egg predators like wrasses and [[damselfishes]]. Larger species in the family are able to ward off the egg predators, but the Longhorn Cowfish spawn close to the substrate in order to hide themselves and their eggs from the predators.^[17]

Reproduction and development

This fish forms harems with 3–4 females in each one. The females spawn shortly after sunset, or during the day when there is a large amount of cloud cover. The spawning season lasts from February to early October.^[17] The oval eggs of species in the genus Lactoria hatch into the juvenile larvae. These larvae are distinct because they form the box carapace armor that is present on the longhorn cowfish.^[18]

On Pamban Island, the local belief was that when the land got separated, the cows on the island metamorphosed into these fish and fed on seaweed.^[19]

References

^ Stiefel, K.M. & Williams, J.T. (2024). "Lactoria cornuta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T193635A2250846. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Lactoria cornuta". FishBase. June 2024 version.
^ "Longhorn Cowfishes, Lactoria cornuta". MarineBio Conservation Society. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
^ Frias-Torres, S., & van de Geer, C. (2015). Testing animal-assisted cleaning prior to transplantation in coral reef restoration. PeerJ, 3, e1287.
^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Lactoria". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Lactoria". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
^ Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 518–526. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.
^ Christopher Scharpf (21 August 2024). "Order TETRAODONTIFORMES: Families MOLIDAE, BALISTIDAE, MONACANTHIDAE, ARACANIDAE and OSTRACIIDAE". Christopher Scharpf. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tresnati, J., Dolo, R., Aprianto, R., & Tuwo, A. (2020, September). Some population parameters of Longhorn Cowfish Lactoria cornuta (Linnaeus, 1758) in Laikang Bay, Takalar District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia (preliminary study). In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 564, No. 1, p. 012014). IOP Publishing.
^ Iqbal, A. M. Z., Mali, G., & Dollin, R. (2021). First Report of Lactoria cornuta from Karnataka, West coast of India–Role of tropical cyclones in Range Extension. bioRxiv.
^ Day, Francis (1878). The Fishes of India. Volume I. London: Bernard Quaritch. p. 697.
^ Moazzam, M., & Osmany, H. B. (2014). Fishes of family diodontidae, ostraciidae and molidae from Pakistan coast. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (Pakistan).
^ Parmentier, E., Marucco Fuentes, E., Millot, M., Raick, X., & Thiry, M. (2021). Sound production, hearing sensitivity, and in‐depth study of the sound‐producing muscles in the cowfish (Lactoria cornuta). Journal of anatomy, 238(4), 956–969.
^ Yang, W., Nguyen, V., Porter, M. M., Meyers, M. A., & McKittrick, J. (2014). Structural characterization and compressive behavior of the boxfish horn. Advances in Bioceramics and Biotechnologies II: Ceramic Transactions, 105–112.
^ Khan, Shahzad Kuli; Siddique, Mohammad A. Momin; Haque, Mohammed Ashraful (2013). "New record of the longhorn cowfish Lactoria cornuta (Linnaeus 1758) from inshore waters of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh". Zoology and Ecology. 23: 88–90. doi:10.1080/21658005.2013.779125.
^ Yang, Wen; Nguyen, Vanessa; Porter, Michael M.; Meyers, Marc A.; McKittrick, Joanna. "Structural characterization and compressive behavior of the boxfish horn" (PDF). Advances in Bioceramics and Biotechnologies II: Ceramic Transactions. 247: 105.
^ ^a ^b Moyer, J. T. (1979). Mating Strategies and Reproductive Behavior of Ostraciid Fishes at Miyake-jima, Japan. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 26(2).
^ Leis, J. M., & Moyer, J. T. (1985). Development of eggs, larvae and pelagic juveniles of three Indo-Pacific ostraeiid fishes (tetraodontiformes):ostracion Meleagris, Lactoria Fornasini Andl. Diaphana. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 32(2), 189–202. doi:10.1007/bf02938448
^ Thurston, Edgar (1913). The Madras presidency, with Mysore, Coorg and the associated states. Cambridge University Press. p. 33.