Negidal language

Negidal
Negidal
Неғида хэсэнин
Native to	Russia
Region	Russian Far East
Ethnicity	510 Negidals (2010 census)
Native speakers	29 (2020 census); 6 (2017)
Language family	Tungusic Northern Ewenic Evenki group Negidal; ; ; ;
Dialects	Upper; Lower;
Writing system	Cyrillic
Language codes
ISO 639-3	neg
Glottolog	negi1245
ELP	Negidal
	Negidal is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Negidal (also spelled Neghidal) is a language of the Tungusic family spoken in the Russian Far East, mostly in Khabarovsk Krai, along the lower reaches of the Amur River.^[1] Negidal belongs to the Northern branch of Tungusic, together with Evenki and Even. It is particularly close to Evenki, to the extent that it is occasionally referred to as a dialect of Evenki.^[4]

Language status

According to the Russian Census of 2002, there were 567 Negidals, 147 of which still spoke the language. The Russian Census of 2010 reported lower speaker numbers, with only 19 of 513 ethnic Negidals reported to still speak the language.^[3]^[1]

However, recent reports from the field reveal that the linguistic situation of Negidal is much worse than the census reports. According to Kalinina (2008),^[5] whose data stem from the fieldwork conducted in 2005-2007, there are only three full speakers left, and a handful of semi-speakers. Pakendorf & Aralova (2018) report from fieldwork conducted in 2017 that there remain only six active speakers of Upper Negidal and there are no active speakers of Lower Negidal, only 10-20 passive speakers.^[3] The language is thus classified as critically endangered^[6] and is predicted to become dormant within the next decade.^[3]

Dialects

There were formerly two dialects: the Upper Negidal dialect (Verkhovskoj in Russian) along the Amgun River (village of Vladimirovka), still residually spoken, and the now extinct Lower dialect (Nizovskoj) in its lower reaches (villages of Tyr and Beloglinka, the town of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur).^[3] The Lower dialect was especially close to Evenki.

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Central		Back
Close	i			u
Close	ɪ			ʊ
Mid	e	ə	ɵ	o
Open		a

/o/ may also be heard as [ɔ] in some areas.
/o/, when appearing in more than two syllables in a word, may also be heard as [ɑ] or [ɒ].

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palato- alveolar	Velar
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	t͡ʃ	k
Plosive/ Affricate	voiced	b	d	d͡ʒ	ɡ
Fricative			s		x
Lateral			l
Rhotic			r
Approximant		w		j

/ɡ/ can also have an allophone [ɣ].
/w/ becomes voiceless before a voiceless consonant and is heard as a fricative [ɸ].^[7]

Orthography

А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Ғ ғ	Д д	Е е	Ё ё	Ж ж	З з
Ӡ ӡ	И и	Й й	К к	Л л	М м	Н н	Ӈ ӈ	О о	Ө ө
П п	Р р	С с	Т т	У у	Ф ф	Х х	Ц ц	Ч ч	Ш ш
Щ щ	Ъ ъ	Ы ы	Ь ь	Э э	Ю ю	Я я

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (25th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
^ 7. НАСЕЛЕНИЕ НАИБОЛЕЕ МНОГОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ПО РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Pakendorf, Brigitte; Aralova, Natalia (February 2018). "The endangered state of Negidal: A field report". Language Documentation and Conservation. ISSN 1934-5275.
^ Janhunen, Juha (1996) Manchuria: An ethnic history. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society, p. 73
^ Kalinina 2008.
^ "Negidal - The Endangered Languages Project". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
^ Kazama, Shinjiro (2002). Negidal texts and grammar. Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Bibliography

Aralova, N. B.; Sumbatova, N. R. (2016). "Negidal'skij jazyk" [Negidal]. In Vida Ju. Mikhal’čenko (ed.). Jazyk i obščestvo. Sociolingvističeskaja enciklopedija [Language and society. A sociolinguistic encyclopedia] (in Croatian). Moscow: Azbukovnik. pp. 307–308.
Cincius, V.I. (1982). Негидальский язык [The Negidal language] (in Russian). Leningrad: Nauka.
Kalinina, E. J. (2008). Этюд о гармонии гласных в негидальском языке, или негласные презумпции о гласных звуках [A study of vowel harmony in the Negidal language or unstated assumptions about vowels]. Фонетика и нефонетика. К 70-летию Сандро В. Кодзасова [Phonetics and non-phonetics. On the occasion of the 70th birthday of S.V. Kodzasov] (in Russian). Moscow: Языки славянских культур. pp. 272–282.
Kazama, Shinjiro (2002). ネギダール語テキストと文法概説 [Negidal Texts and Grammar]. Publications on Tungus languages and cultures 19. Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim, A2-021 (in Japanese). Kyoto: Nakanishi.
Myl'nikova, K.M.; Cincius, V.I. (1931). Материалы по исследованию негидальского языка [Materials on the Negidal language]. Tungusskij Sbornik I:107-218 (in Russian).
Pakendorf, B. & Aralova, N. (2018). The endangered state of Negidal: a field report. Language Documentation & Conservation 12: 1-14. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24760
Xasanova, M.M.; Pevnov, A.M. (2003). Мифы и сказкы негидальцев [Myths and tales of the Negidals]. Publications on Tungus Languages and Cultures 21. Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim, A2-024 (in Russian). Kyoto: Nakanishi.