Home Defence, 1917–18*; Channel & North Sea, 1939–45*; Invasion Ports, 1940*; German Ports, Baltic, 1940–45; France & Low Countries, 1940; Biscay Ports, 1940–44; Ruhr, 1940–43 & 1945*; Berlin 1940–44*; Atlantic, 1942; Normandy, 1944*; Rhine, 1940–44*; Fortress Europe, 1940–44*; France & Germany, 1944–45; Walcheren. Honours marked with an asterisk* are those emblazoned on the Squadron Standard
Number 44 (Rhodesia) Squadron was an aviation unit of the Royal Air Force. It was active between 1917 and 1982. For most of its history it served as a heavy bomber squadron.
History
The World Wars (1917–1945)
No. 44 Squadron was formed on 24 July 1917 as a Home Defence unit forming part of the London Air Defence Area. The squadron, based at Hainault Farm, Essex, pioneered the use of the Sopwith Camel in night fighter operations. By the end of the First World War it was commanded by Arthur Harris, later known as Bomber Harris.
In 1941, the squadron was renamed No. 44 (Rhodesia) Squadron in honour of that colony's contribution to Britain's war effort, and also to recognise that up to 25% of the ground and air crew were from Southern Rhodesia. The badge is based upon the seal of Lo Bengula, the chief of the Matabele on conquest. The seal shows an elephant which, in the case of this unit, is intended to indicate heavy attacks.
No. 44 Squadron received its first Avro Lancaster, in late 1941 and became the first squadron to convert completely to Lancasters, flying their first operational missions in the aircraft on 3 March 1942.[6] Total sorties and losses for the war were:
Handley Page Hampden – 2,043 sorties (43 lost)
Avro Lancaster – 4,362 sorties (149 lost, plus 22 destroyed in crashes)
After the advent of effective Soviet SAMs forced Bomber Command to reassign V bombers from high-altitude operations to low-level penetration operations, the squadron's Vulcans adopted a mission profile that included a 'pop-up' manoeuvre to 11,000 ft for safe release of Yellow Sun Mk.2. The aircraft was then leveled off at about 10 miles or less from the target. In training this distance tended to creep until the aircraft would have been vulnerable to SAM. A new manoeuvre was developed by the research branch and the Bomber Command Development Unit. This required aircraft to home to a specific point at a distance from the target based on the mark of aircraft and its engines. In the case of No. 44 Squadron with the Vulcan B.1A, this point was some 21,000 yards from the target. The aircraft would then be set in a climb at a specified angle of about 12 degrees for the Mk1a. As the aircraft passed 10,500 feet the bomb would be released. This was crude dead reckoning, and the Mk 1 crews realized that the ballistic computer in the NBC could calculate a much more accurate release point. The crews determined to use the automatic computing. Occasionally in training the pull up was late and the release would occur at a much lower altitude. This risked either a weapon failure or suicide from an early burst. In January 1968 the squadron was re-equipped with eight Vulcan B2 aircraft[7] and eight WE.177B laydown bombs[8] which improved aircraft survivability by enabling aircraft to remain at low-level during weapon release.[9]
Following the transfer of responsibility for the nuclear deterrent to the Royal Navy the squadron was reassigned to SACEUR[8] for tactical strike missions. In a high-intensity European war the squadron's role was to support land forces resisting a Soviet attack into Western Europe by striking deep into enemy-held areas beyond the forward edge of the battlefield, striking at enemy concentrations and infrastructure, first with conventional weapons and secondly with tactical nuclear weapons as required, should a conflict escalate to that stage.
The squadron's Vulcan B2.s served mainly in that low-level penetration role until 1982[10] when they saw action during the Falklands War. No. 44 Squadron was then disbanded on 21 December 1982.[11]
Dives, William K. A Bundu Boy In Bomber Command. Trafford Publishing, 28 July 2003. ISBN1-55395-879-9. The memoirs of a Rhodesian pilot, Flying Officer William Dives DFC from No. 44 (Rhodesia) Squadron.
White, Alan N. and Simon Baldwin. The King's Thunderbolts – No. 44 (Rhodesia) Squadron Royal Air Force: An Operational Record and Roll of Honour 1917–1982. Tucann Design & Print, 2007. ISBN978-1-873257-85-2.
White, Alan N. 44 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF on Operations: An Operations Record and Roll of Honour. Self-Published by A.N. White to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of No 44 Squadron RAF, 1977.