Revelation 16 is the sixteenth chapter of the Book of Revelation or the Apocalypse of John in the New Testament of the ChristianBible. The book is traditionally attributed to John the Apostle,[1][2] but the precise identity of the author remains a point of academic debate.[3] This chapter describes the seven bowls, vials[4] or phials[5] of God's wrath,[6] poured out on the wicked and the followers of the Antichrist after the sounding of the seven trumpets,[7] on the command of "a loud voice from the temple" heard by the author.[8]
Then I heard a loud voice from the temple saying to the seven angels, "Go and pour out the bowls of the wrath of God on the earth."[8]
"From the temple": from the words in Biblical Greek: ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ, romanized: ek tou naou, "from the temple", or "from the sanctuary",[12] do not appear in some ancient versions, and Tischendorf omitted them from his critical edition. German Protestant theologian Heinrich Meyer argues that the inclusion of these words "is guaranteed by A, C, א, and some other manuscripts, "and is entirely suitable".[13]
The fourth bowl (16:8–9)
Verse 8
And the fourth angel poured out his vial upon the sun; and power was given unto him to scorch men with fire.[14]
"Men": from Biblical Greek: ἄνθρωπος, romanized: anthrōpos in generic use refers to 'both men and women'.[15]
Verse 9
And men were scorched with great heat, and blasphemed the name of God, which hath power over these plagues: and they repented not to give him glory.[16]
"Men": from Biblical Greek: ἄνθρωπος, romanized: anthrōpos in generic use refers to 'both men and women'.[17]
The sixth bowl (16:12–16)
Verse 12
Then the sixth angel poured out his bowl on the great river Euphrates, and its water was dried up, so that the way of the kings from the east might be prepared.[18]
"From the east": translated from the Greek phrase with literal meaning "from the rising of the sun" here in the sense of 'a geographical direction' (cf. Revelation 7:2; 16:12; 21:13).[19]
^Davids, Peter H (1982). I Howard Marshall and W Ward Gasque (ed.). New International Greek Testament Commentary: The Epistle of James (Repr. ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. ISBN0802823882.
^Evans, Craig A (2005). Craig A Evans (ed.). Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: John, Hebrews-Revelation. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Victor. ISBN0781442281.
^F. L. Cross, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 45
^Elliott, J. K. "Revelations from the apparatus criticus of the Book of Revelation: How Textual
Criticism Can Help Historians." Union Seminary Quarterly Review 63, no. 3-4 (2012): 1-23.
^Claremont Coptic Encyclopaedia, Codex Vaticanus, accessed 29 September 2018
