Hazen was born in Rockville Centre, New York, on November 1, 1948. His parents were Peggy Hazen (née Dorothy Ellen Chapin; 1918–2002) and Dan Hazen (né Daniel Francis Hazen, Jr.; 1918–2016).[3][4] He spent his early childhood in Cleveland, near a fossil quarry where he collected his first trilobite at the age of about 9.[5]
The Hazen family moved to New Jersey, where Robert's eight-grade teacher, Bill Welsh, observed Robert's interest in his collection of minerals. Hazen later recalled "He gave me a starter collection of 100 specimens, mineral field guides, and mimeographed directions to Paterson and Franklin, New Jersey."[6] Hazen also had an early interest in music, starting with the piano at age 5, the violin at 6 and the trumpet at age 9.[7]
Education
Hazen worked on his B.S. and S.M. (Master of Science) in Earth Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1971. He started with the intention of going into chemical engineering, but he was captivated by the enthusiasm of David Wones and converted to mineralogy. With Wones as advisor, he completed a masters thesis on cation substitution in trioctahedral micas; his publication in American Mineralogist was his first to be highly cited.[8][9] He completed a Ph.D. in Mineralogy & Crystallography at Harvard University in 1975. His thesis, with Charles Burnham as advisor, involved learning how to use a 4-circle diffractometer to do high-pressure X-ray crystallography and applying it to olivine. This became a focus of his early career.[8][10][6]
While a NATO Postdoctoral Fellow at Cambridge University in England, Hazen worked with Charles Prewitt to determine empirical relations for the effect of temperature and pressure on interatomic distances in oxides and silicates.[8][11]
Geophysical Laboratory
In 1976, Hazen joined the Carnegie Institution's Geophysical Laboratory as a research associate.[1] After a brief stint measuring optical properties of lunar minerals with Peter Bell and David Mao, he started to do X-ray crystallography with Larry Finger.[8] He later recalled, "It was a match made in mineralogical heaven: Larry loved to write code, build machines, and analyze data; I loved to mount crystals, run the diffractometers, and write papers."[6] They collaborated for two decades and determined about a thousand crystal structures at variable pressures and temperatures, work summarized in their 1982 book Comparative Crystal Chemistry.[8][12]
Much of the work that Hazen was doing could be classified as mineral physics, a cross between geophysics and mineralogy. Although the field had pioneering contributions from the Nobel Prize winner Percy Bridgman and a student of his, Francis Birch, in the early- to mid-20th century, it did not have a name until the 1960s, and in the 1970s some scientists were concerned that a more interdisciplinary approach was needed to understand the relationship between interatomic forces and mineral properties. Hazen and Prewitt co-convened the first mineral physics conference; it was held on October 17–19, 1977 at the Airlie House in Warrenton, Virginia.[13]
High-temperature superconductors
Cooled to very low temperatures, some materials experience a sudden transition where electrical resistance drops to zero and any magnetic fields are expelled. This phenomenon is called superconductivity. Superconductors have a host of applications including powerful electromagnets, fast digital circuits and sensitive magnetometers, but the very low temperatures needed make the applications more difficult and expensive. Until the 1980s, no superconductors existed above 21 K (−252.2 °C). Then in 1986 two IBM researchers, Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller, found a ceramic material with a critical temperature of 35 K (−238.2 °C). This set off a frenzied search for higher critical temperatures.[15]
A group led by Paul Chu at the University of Houston explored some materials made of yttrium, barium, copper and oxygen (YCBO) and were the first to obtain a critical temperature above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. The YCBO samples had a mixture of black and green minerals, and although the researchers knew the average composition, they did not know the compositions of the two phases. In February 1987, Chu turned to Mao and Hazen, because they could determine the composition of small mineral grains in rocks. It took Mao and Hazen a week to determine the compositions; the black phase, which turned out to be the superconductor, was YBa2Cu3O7−δ.[16]
Mao and Hazen determined that the crystal structure of the superconducting phase was like that of perovskite, an important mineral in Earth's mantle.[17] Subsequently, Hazen's group identified twelve more high-temperature oxide superconductors, all with perovskite structures, and worked on organic superconductors.[18]
Origins of life
By the mid-1990s, Hazen felt that his research had reached a "respectable plateau" where the main principles of how crystals compress were known. The questions he was asking were increasingly narrow and the answers rarely surprising. So he changed research directions to study life's chemical origins.[19] This opportunity came when a colleague at George Mason University, Harold Morowitz, realized that the temperature and pressure at a hydrothermal vent might change the properties of water, allowing chemical reactions that ordinarily require the help of an enzyme. Enlisting the help of Hatten Yoder, a specialist in high pressure mineralogy, they tried subjecting pyruvate in water to high pressure, hoping for a simple reaction that would return oxaloacetate. Instead, an analysis by an organic geochemist, George Cody, found that they obtained tens of thousands of molecules.[20]
The publication of their results, which seemed to support the deep sea vent hypothesis,[21] met with heavy criticism, especially from Stanley Miller and colleagues who believe that life emerged on the surface. Along with the general criticism that organic compounds would not survive long in hot, high pressure conditions, they pointed out several flaws in the experiment. In his book, Genesis, Hazen acknowledges that Stanley Miller "was basically right" about the experiments, but argues that "the art of science isn't necessarily to avoid mistakes; rather, progress is often made by making mistakes as fast as possible, while avoiding making the same mistake twice."[22] In subsequent work, the group formed biomolecules from carbon dioxide and water and catalyzed the formation of amino acids using oxides and sulfides of transition metals; and different transition elements catalyze different organic reactions.[18][6]
Homochirality
Organic molecules often come in two mirror-image forms, often referred to as "right-handed" and "left-handed". This handedness is called chirality. For example, the amino acidalanine comes in a right-handed (D-alanine) and a left-handed (L-alanine) form. Living cells are very selective, choosing amino acids only in the left-handed form and sugars in the right-handed form.[23] However, most abiotic processes produce an equal amount of each. Somehow life must have developed this preference (homochirality); but while scientists have proposed several theories, they have no consensus on the mechanism.[24]
Hazen investigated the possibility that organic molecules might acquire a chiral asymmetry when grown on the faces of mineral crystals. Some, like quartz, come in mirror-image forms; others, like calcite, are symmetric about their centers but their faces come in pairs with opposite chirality.[25] With Tim Filley, an expert at organic chemical analysis, and Glenn Goodfriend, a geochemist, Hazen cleaned large calcite crystals and dipped them into aspartic acid. They found that each face of the crystal had a small preference for either left- or right-handed forms of aspartate. They proposed that a similar mechanism might work on other amino acids and sugars.[26] This work attracted a lot of interest from the pharmaceutical industry, which needs to produce some of their drugs with a pure chirality.[8]
At a Christmas party in 2006, the biophysicist Harold Morowitz asked Hazen whether there were clay minerals during the Archean Eon. Hazen could not recall a mineralogist ever having asked whether a given mineral existed in a given era,[27][28] and it occurred to him that no one had ever explored how Earth's mineralogy changed over time. He worked on this question for a year with his closest colleague, geochemist Dimitri Sverjensky at Johns Hopkins University, and some other collaborators including a mineralogist, Robert Downs; a petrologist, John Ferry; and a geobiologist, Dominic Papineau. The result was a paper in American Mineralogist that provided a new historical context to mineralogy that they called mineral evolution.[29]
Based on a review of the literature, Hazen and his co-authors estimated that the number of minerals in the Solar System has grown from about a dozen at the time of its formation to over 4300 at present. (As of 2017, the latter number has grown to 5300.[30]). They predicted that there was a systematic increase in the number of mineral species over time, and identified three main eras of change: the formation of the Solar System and planets; the reworking of crust and mantle and the onset of plate tectonics; and the appearance of life. After the first era, there were 250 minerals; after the second, 1500. The remainder were made possible by the action of living organisms, particularly the addition of oxygen to the atmosphere.[31][32][33][34][35] This paper was followed over the next few years by several studies concentrating on one chemical element at a time and mapping out the first appearances of minerals involving each element.[36]
Deep Carbon Observatory
Hazen and his colleagues started the Carbon Mineral Challenge, a citizen science project dedicated to accelerating the discovery of "missing" carbon-bearing minerals.[37]
Teaching
As the Clarence B. Robinson Professor at George Mason University, Hazen developed innovative courses to promote scientific literacy in both scientists and non-scientists.[38] With physicist James Trefil, he developed a course that they described as "science appreciation", aimed at non-scientists. It was organized around a total of 20 "Great Ideas of Science" that were later reduced to 18.[39][40] In addition to writing about their ideas in several magazines, they turned the course into a book, Science Matters: Achieving Scientific Literacy. They used the principles to organize explanations of a "vast number of socially significant, fundamental, or environmentally crucial topics."[41] This was published with an amount of advance publicity that was unusual for a popular science book, including an article they wrote for the New York Times Sunday Magazine,[42] praise from prolific author Isaac Asimov and physics Nobelist Leon Lederman, and a publicity tour.[41] For an article in Science about the book, they provided the author with the original list of 20 ideas and invited readers to send in their comments.[39] About 200 readers responded, generally supporting the idea of such a list while vehemently criticizing many of the particulars, including an informal style and sometimes vague language. Particularly criticized were numbers 1 ("The universe is regular and predictable") and 16 ("Everything on the earth operates in cycles").[43] Hazen and Trefil argued, in defense of point 1, that it was not intended as a defense of determinism and that they covered unpredictable phenomena like chaos;[43] but they also used the responses to modify the list of ideas in subsequent editions.
Hazen and Trefil went on to write three undergraduate textbooks: The Sciences: An Integrated Approach (1993),[44]The Physical Sciences: An Integrated Approach (1995),[45] and Physics Matters: An Introduction to Conceptual Physics (2004).[46] Hazen used these as the basis for a 60-lecture video and audio course called The Joy of Science.[47][38]
Public engagement
In 2008, Hazen was an outgoing member of the AAAS Committee on Public Understanding of Science and Technology. He and his wife Margee, noting that it is important for scientists to engage with the public but actually doing so does not help them get tenure, proposed a new award, The Early Career Award for Public Engagement with Science, and established a fund for it.[48] The first award, with a monetary prize of $5,000, was announced in 2010.[49]
The Mineralogical Society of America presented Hazen with the Mineralogical Society of America Award in 1982 and the Distinguished Public Service Medal in 2009.[38][50] In 2016, he received its highest award, the Roebling Medal.[8][6] He also served as Distinguished Lecturer and is a Past President of the Society. A mineral that was discovered in Mono Lake was named hazenite in his honor by Hexiong Yang, a former student of his.[34]
In 1986, Hazen received the Ipatieff Prize, which the American Chemical Society awards in recognition of "outstanding chemical experimental work in the field of catalysis or high pressure".[51]
In 2012, the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia presented Hazen with its Outstanding Faculty Award.[54]
Hazen has presented numerous named lectures at universities. He gave a Directorate for Biological Sciences Distinguished Lecture at the National Science Foundation in 2007,[55] and was named the Sigma Xi Distinguished Lecturer for 2008–2010.[56][57]
In 2019, Hazen was named a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union.[58]
Hazen is author of more than 350 articles and 20 books on science, history, and music.
Refereed articles
Hazen has 289 refereed publications that have been cited a total of over 11,000 times, for an h-index of 58. A selection of articles follows:
Hazen, R. M.; Wones, D. R. (1971). "The effect of cation substitution on the physical properties of trioctahedral micas". American Mineralogist. 57: 103–129.
—; Burnham, C.W. (1973). "The crystal structures of one-layer phlogopite and annite". American Mineralogist. 58: 889–900.
— (1976). "Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of forsterite". American Mineralogist. 61: 1280–1293.
—; Prewitt, C. T. (1977). Effects of temperature and pressure on interatomic distances in oxygen-based minerals. Vol. 62. pp. 309–315. doi:10.1029/SP026p0407. ISBN978-0-87590-240-1. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
—; Finger, L. W.; Angel, R. J.; Prewitt, C. T.; Ross, N. L.; Mao, H. K.; Hadidiacos, C. G.; Hor, P. H.; Meng, R. L.; Chu, C. W. (1 May 1987). "Crystallographic description of phases in the Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductor". Physical Review B. 35 (13): 7238–7241. Bibcode:1987PhRvB..35.7238H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.35.7238. PMID9941012.
—; Finger, L. W.; Angel, R. J.; Prewitt, C. T.; Ross, N. L.; Hadidiacos, C. G.; Heaney, P. J.; Veblen, D. R.; Sheng, Z. Z.; El Ali, A.; Hermann, A. M. (18 April 1988). "100-K superconducting phases in the Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O system". Physical Review Letters. 60 (16): 1657–1660. Bibcode:1988PhRvL..60.1657H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.1657. PMID10038103.
—; Papineau, D.; Bleeker, W.; Downs, R. T.; Ferry, J. M.; McCoy, T. J.; Sverjensky, D. A.; Yang, H. (1 November 2008). "Mineral evolution". American Mineralogist. 93 (11–12): 1693–1720. Bibcode:2008AmMin..93.1693H. doi:10.2138/am.2008.2955. S2CID27460479.
— (1982). The Poetry of Geology. London: George Allen and Unwin. ISBN0-04-808032-2.
—; Finger, Larry W. (1982). Comparative crystal chemistry : temperature, pressure, composition, and the variation of crystal structure. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN978-0471102687.
Hazen, Margaret Hindle; Hazen, Robert M. (1985). Wealth inexhaustible : a history of America's mineral industries to 1850. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN978-0442235109.
Hazen's wife, Margee (née Margaret Joan Hindle), is a science writer and published historian.[65] Her late father, Howard Brooke Hindle, PhD (1918–2001), was a historian who studied the role of material culture in the history of the United States and served as Director of the National Museum of American History from 1974 to 1978.[66] Hazen's late brother, Dan Chapin Hazen, PhD (1947–2015), was an academic research librarian who had been affiliated with the libraries at Harvard, and was particularly recognized for his accomplishments to the Center for Research Libraries and advocacy of collections from Latin America. Harvard has memorialized Dan Hazen by establishing two chairs in his name.[67]
The Hazens have two children: Benjamin Hindle Hazen (born 1976) and Elizabeth Brooke Hazen (born 1978).[1]
References
^ abcRobert M., Hazen. "Curriculum Vitae". Carnegie Science. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
^Liebermann, Robert Cooper; Prewitt, Charles T. (March 2014). "From Airlie House in 1977 to Granlibakken in 2012: 35 years of evolution of mineral physics". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 228: 36–45. Bibcode:2014PEPI..228...36L. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2013.06.002.
^K. Brodt, H. Fuess, E. F. Paulus, W. Assmus and J. Kowalewski (1990). "Untwinned single crystals of the high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7-". Acta Crystallogr. C46 (3): 354–358. doi:10.1107/S0108270189006803.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Saunders, P. J. Ford; G. A. (2005). The rise of the superconductors. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN978-0748407729.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Chu, C. W. (2012). "4.4 Cuprates – Superconductors with a Tc up to 164 K". In Rogalla, Horst; Kes, Peter H. (eds.). 100 years of superconductivity. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 244–254. ISBN978-1439849484.
^ abPool, R. (13 April 1990). "Freshman Chemistry Was Never Like This: To battle science illiteracy among college students, the New Liberal Arts program tries a fresh approach to teaching science". Science. 248 (4952): 157–158. Bibcode:1990Sci...248..157P. doi:10.1126/science.248.4952.157. PMID17740124.
^ abcKauffman, George B. (August 1991). "Science matters: Achieving scientific literacy (Hazen, Robert M.; Trefil, James)". Journal of Chemical Education. 68 (8): A213. Bibcode:1991JChEd..68..213K. doi:10.1021/ed068pA213.
^Hazen, Robert M.; Trefil, James (13 January 1991). "Quick! What's a quark?". The New York Times Magazine.
Peta Lokasi Kabupaten Aceh Utara di Aceh Berikut ini adalah daftar kecamatan dan gampong di kabupaten Aceh Utara.Kabupaten Aceh Utara memiliki 27 kecamatan dan 852 gampong dengan kode pos 24313-24394 (dari total 289 kecamatan dan 6.497 gampong di seluruh Aceh). Per tahun 2019, jumlah penduduk di wilayah ini adalah 619.407 (dari penduduk seluruh provinsi Aceh yang berjumlah 5.371.532) yang terdiri atas 262.101 pria dan 267.645 wanita (rasio 97,93). Dengan luas daerah 2.694,66 km² (dibanding luas…
German botanist and curator Moritz Richard Schomburgk (5 October 1811 – 24 March 1891),[1] generally known as Richard Schomburgk, was a German botanist and curator of the Adelaide Botanic Garden. Family Schomburgk was born in Freyburg, Saxony, the son of Johann Friedrich Ludwig Schomburgk (a Lutheran minister in Thuringia),[2] and his wife Christiane Juliane Wilhelmine (née Krippendorf).[1] He married Pauline Henriette Kneib (c. 1822 – 24 July 1879) at sea aboard Pri…
Political party in Hungary Conservative Party – Alliance of Farmers and Civilians Konzervatív Párt, Gazdák és Polgárok SzövetségeLeaderLászló CsizmadiaFounded13 September 1993Dissolved1995IdeologyLiberal conservatismPolitical positionCentre to Centre-rightPolitics of HungaryPolitical partiesElections Politics of Hungary Constitution 1949 Constitution Executive President (list) Katalin Novák Government Current cabinet Prime Minister (list) Viktor Orbán Parliament National As…
Wales international rugby union footballer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Will James rugby union, born 1976 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2009) (Learn h…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (نوفمبر 2019) بروذر جون سيلرز معلومات شخصية تاريخ الميلاد 27 مايو 1924 تاريخ الوفاة 27 مارس 1999 (74 سنة) مواطنة الولايات المتحدة الحياة العملية المهنة مغني تعديل مص
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع ألفارو غارسيا (توضيح). هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (سبتمبر 2022) ألفارو غارسيا معلومات شخصية الميلاد 1 يونيو 2000 (العمر 23 سنة)قونكة الطول 1.84 م (6 قدم 1⁄2 بوصة) مركز ال
Apple cultivar 'Roxbury Russet' apples at a market Two watercolor illustrations of Roxbury Russet The 'Roxbury Russet' is an apple cultivar, believed to be the oldest apple cultivar bred in the United States, having first been discovered and named in the mid-17th century in the former Town of Roxbury, part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony southwest of (now part of) Boston.[1] It is known by several other names including 'Boston Russet', 'Putnam Russet', and 'Sylvan Russet'.[2] It …
Wyatt OleffOleff tahun 2018LahirWyatt Jess Oleff13 Juli 2003 (umur 20)Chicago, Illinois, Amerika SerikatPekerjaanAktorTahun aktif2012–sekarang Wyatt Jess Oleff[1] (lahir 13 Juli 2003) adalah aktor asal Amerika Serikat. Dia dikenal karena memerankan Stanley Uris dalam film horor supernatural tahun 2017 It dan sekuel tahun 2019, It Chapter Two, serta peran Stanley Barber dalam seri drama komedi Netflix, I Am Not Okay with This.[2] Oleff juga memiliki peran kecil dalam f…
Hidangan sarapan siang Sarapan siang atau sarsi (bahasa Inggris: brunch) adalah kegiatan menyingkat aktivitas makan sarapan sekaligus makan siang dalam satu waktu. Umumnya sarapan siang dilakukan mulai pukul 10.00 hingga 14.00. Bagi orang tua, kegiatan ini selain dapat menambah energi sekaligus sarana bersosialisasi. Situasi perkotaan atau tuntutan pekerjaan yang ketat sering menjadi penyebab masyarakat memilih meninggalkan sarapan dengan mempersiapkan waktu sarapan siang. Makanan yang disaj…
У турнірі команд другої ліги брала участь 31 команда, які були розділені на 2 групи: Група А Група Б «Буковина» (Чернівці) «Верес» (Рівне) «Динамо-3» (Київ) «Дністер» (Овідіополь) ▬ «Енергія» (Южноукраїнськ) ▬ «Єдність» (Плиски) ▬ «Інтер» (Боярка) «Карпати-2» (Львів) «Княжа» (Щасл…
Arnold Schwarzenegger, salah satu tokoh penting yang memopulerkan binaraga di dunia. Binaraga adalah kegiatan pembentukan tubuh yang melibatkan hipertropi otot intensif. Dengan melakukan latihan beban dan diet, memakan makanan berprotein tinggi secara rutin dan intensif, seseorang dapat meningkatkan massa otot. Seseorang yang menekuni aktivitas ini disebut binaragawan (pria) atau binaragawati (wanita). Selain menjadi gaya hidup untuk membentuk tubuh sekaligus menjaga kesehatan, binaraga juga dap…
Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India For the constituency in Uttar Pradesh, see Rampur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency. RampurConstituency for the Himachal Pradesh Legislative AssemblyConstituency detailsCountryIndiaRegionNorth IndiaStateHimachal PradeshDistrictShimlaLS constituencyMandiTotal electors77,215[1]ReservationSCMember of Legislative Assembly14th Himachal Pradesh Legislative AssemblyIncumbent Nand Lal PartyIndian National CongressElected year2…
Dieser Artikel behandelt den mythischen Krieger Patroklos. Für weitere Bedeutungen siehe Patroklos (Begriffsklärung). Die Leiche des Patroklos wird von Menelaos geborgen. Römische Skulpturengruppe, Florenz Patroklos (altgriechisch Πάτροκλος Pátroklos, deutsch ‚Ruhm des Vaters‘, lateinisch Patroclus) ist in der griechischen Mythologie einer der griechischen Kämpfer vor Troja, Sohn des Menoitios und der Sthenele, der Freund und Waffengefährte des Achilleus. Inhaltsverzei…
У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Готські війни. Готська війна Дата: 377 – 382 р Місце: Фракія, Східно-Римська імперія Результат: Поразка Риму Поселення готів у Фракії та Нижній Мезії Сторони Східна Римська імперія, Західна Римська імперія Варварські племе…
1977 live album by AlmanacAlmanacLive album by AlmanacReleased1977Recorded1967VenueColumbia University, New York CityGenreJazzLength32:57LabelImprovising ArtistsIAI 37.38.51ProducerMike Nock Almanac is a live album by the jazz ensemble of the same name, featuring pianist Mike Nock, saxophonist and flutist Bennie Maupin, double bassist Cecil McBee, and drummer Eddie Marshall. The group's sole release, it was recorded in 1967 at Columbia University in New York City, and was issued in 1977 …
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Piano Triosoleh Ludwig van BeethovenBeethoven pada tahun 1801, gambar oleh Carl Traugott RiedelKunciE-flat majorG majorC minorKatalogOp. 1/1–3Didedikasikan untukPrince LichnowskyDitampilkan1795 (1795) – ViennaOpus 1 karya Ludwig van Beethov…
American sculptor (1825–1874) William Henry RinehartSelf-portrait relief bust (c. 1850–74).Born(1825-09-13)September 13, 1825Union Bridge, Maryland, U.S.DiedOctober 28, 1874(1874-10-28) (aged 49)Rome, ItalyResting placeGreen Mount CemeteryBaltimore, Maryland, U.S.NationalityAmericanEducationMaryland Institute College of ArtKnown forSculpture William Henry Rinehart (September 13, 1825 – October 28, 1874) was a noted American sculptor. He is considered the last important American s…
Sitting Bull, Häuptling und Medizinmann der Hunkpapa-Lakota-Sioux, 1885 John Ross, Cherokee-Häuptling, ca. 1843 Chirley Pankará, Aktivistin des gleichnamigen Volkes und Abgeordnete in Brasilien, 2022 Indianer ist eine Sammelbezeichnung für Angehörige verschiedener indigener Völker Amerikas. Ausgenommen werden die Eskimovölker und Aleuten der arktischen Gebiete sowie die Polynesier der amerikanischen Pazifikinseln. Das Wort geht auf einen Irrtum Christoph Kolumbus’ zurück, der meinte, n…