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Radiosorgente

NGC 4258 immagine composta da raggi X-blu; ottico-oro; IR-rosso; radio-viola

Una radiosorgente è una sorgente di onde radio.

In astronomia il termine indica un corpo celeste le cui emissioni di radioonde possono essere captate dai radiotelescopi (questi ultimi riescono non solo a captare le radioonde, ma anche a stabilirne la direzione di provenienza ed a misurarne la densità di flusso).

Descrizione

I meccanismi di radiazione e le caratteristiche fisiche di un oggetto possono essere diversi, ma tutti sono riconducibili a due peculiari tipologie: radiazione termica e non.

La maggioranza delle radiosorgenti osservate hanno al loro interno situazioni che le differenzia: quelle termiche emettono a temperatura costante ed uniforme caratterizzate da un andamento crescente della densità del flusso con la frequenza; quelle non termiche dovute ai moti orbitali degli elettroni ad alta energia che sono intrappolati nel campo magnetico che la radiosorgente produce; la velocità delle particelle è relativistica (vicino alla velocità della luce), e quindi la radiazione viene emessa nella direzione del moto.

Come una radiosorgente si evolve, dipende dalla proprietà del gas interstellare/intergalattico dentro il quale essa si sviluppa, quindi c'è la possibilità di utilizzare queste radiosorgenti per studiare direttamente il mezzo esterno. La mancanza di omogeneità nella distribuzione del gas porta ad effetti di simmetria dei lobi radio, particolarmente nelle dimensioni che raggiungono durante il tempo della loro esistenza; lo studio della radiazione di sincrotrone permette di sviluppare ulteriormente le conoscenze del campo magnetico presente nel mezzo esterno alle radiosorgenti.

Radioimmagine di Messier 87, una galassia ellittica gigante nel gruppo della Vergine

La radioastronomia analizza i corpi e la radiazione elettromagnetica che il corpo stesso emette nell'intervallo spettrale delle radioonde.[1]

A grandi linee un radiotelescopio[2] è costituito da un sistema di antenne collegate ad apparati elettronici adatti a ricevere i segnali, a registrarli, a interpretarli ed analizzare l'intensità delle radiazioni cosmiche[3] catturate nelle diverse zone dello spazio e catalogarle rispetto alle diverse lunghezze d'onda ed al loro grado di polarizzazione.

Le radiomappe del cielo rappresentano la distribuzione nello spazio della radiazione cosmica e riportano l'andamento della brillanza secondo linee alla stessa temperatura (isoterme) o linee che uniscono punti di uguale illuminamento (isofote).

Radiosorgenti

Note

  1. ^ Classificazioni delle onde elettromagnetiche, su peduto.it. URL consultato il 23 dicembre 2022.
  2. ^ Jonathan M. Marr, Ronald L. Snell e Stanley E. Kurtz, Fundamentals of Radio Astronomy: Observational Methods, CRC Press, 2015, pp. 21–24, ISBN 978-1498770194.
  3. ^ E. Fermi, On the Origin of the Cosmic Radiation, in Physical Review, Volume 75, 1949, p. 1169 e seguenti.
  4. ^ Jansky, Karl G., Radio waves from outside the solar system, in Nature, vol. 132, n. 3323, 1933, p. 66, Bibcode:1933Natur.132...66J, DOI:10.1038/132066a0.
  5. ^ Gerrit L. Verschuur, The invisible universe: the story of radio astronomy, p. 14.
  6. ^ Sheperd S. Doeleman, et al., Event-horizon-scale structure in the supermassive black hole candidate at that Galactic Centre, Nature, 2008, 455, p. 78-80.
  7. ^ J. W. M. Baars et al., The Absolute Spectrum of Cas A; An Accurate Flux Density Scale and a Set of Secondary Calibrators, in Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 61, 1977, pp. 99-106. URL consultato il 23 dicembre 2022.
  8. ^ F. P. Israel, Centaurus A - NGC 5128, in Astronomy and Astrophysics Review, vol. 8, 1998, pp. 237–278, DOI:10.1007/s001590050011.
  9. ^ (EN) Smoot Group, The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, su aether.lbl.gov, 28 marzo 1996. URL consultato il 23 dicembre 2022.

Voci correlate

Collegamenti esterni

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