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Lingua Islandica

Lingua Islandica[1][2] est lingua ex linguis Indoeuropaeis familiá Germanicá comprehensa. Una cum Danica, Suecica, Norvegica, Faeroensi linguis ramum Germanicum septentrionalem constituit. Ineunte anno 2022 fere 376 000 hominum sermonem patrium habuerunt Islandicum.[3]

Loci

Lingua Islandica est sermo publicus Islandiae. Sed sunt etiam complures Canadenses ex Islandia oriundi, ex quibus nonnulli etiamnunc aliquo modo Islandice loqui posse dicuntur et quorum numerus (secundum censum anno 2016 in Canada habitum) fere 101 795 hominum erat.[4] Maior pars eorum est progenies Islandorum, qui eruptionem montis ignivomi Asciae (Islandice Askja) fugientes anno 1875 in Canadam se contulerant.[5]

Grammatica

Vocabula

Lingua Islandica nova cum radicibus suis verba fabricari mavult quam ea ab aliis linguis mutuari.

Accentus

Accentus in lingua Islandica semper in primam uniuscuiusque verbi syllabam cadere solet.

Verba

Verba sex habent tempora (scilicet praesens, imperfectum, perfectum, plusquamperfectum, futurum simplex, futurum exactum) et tres modos (scilicet indicativum, coniunctivum, imperativum); voces habent activam, passivam et mediopassivam.

Formae praesentis et imperfecti sunt simplices, reliquae formae ope verborum auxiliarium formantur.

Nomina

Linguae Islandicae sunt tria genera (scilicet masculinum, femininum, neutrum), duo numeri (scilicet singularis et pluralis), quattuor casus (scilicet nominativus, accusativus, dativus, genetivus, secundum ordinem tralaticium grammaticae Islandicae).

Articulus indefinitus deest; articulus definitus aut nomini substantivo praeponi aut cum ipso coniungi potest, e. g.:

  • masculini generis: hinn stóri maður, stóri maðurinn (vir magnus)
  • feminini generis: hin góða kona, góða konan (mulier bona)
  • neutri generis: hið þæga barn, þæga barn (puer probus/puella proba)

Adiectiva

Nomina adiectiva secundum nomina substantiva, quibus adiciuntur, genere, numero, casu flectuntur.

Pronuntiatus

Legum omnium, quae ad pronuntiatum attinent, hae sunt praecipuae:

Vocales et diphthongi

a longa aut brevis /a/ raka ['raːka] ; handa ['hanta]
ante gi vel gj sicut æ /ai/ lagi ['laiːjɪ]
ante ng vel nk sicut á /au/ langur ['lauŋkʏr̥] ; banka ['pauŋka]
á longa aut brevis /au/ mál [mauːl] ; áll [autl̥]
au longa aut brevis /œy/ auga ['œyːɣa] ; austur ['œys̺tʏr̥]
e longa aut brevis /ɛ/ nema ['nɛːma] ; sperra ['s̺pɛrːa]
ante gi, gj, ng vel nk sicut ei, ey /ɛi/ þegja ['θɛiːja] ; lengur ['lεiŋkʏr̥]
é longa aut brevis, sicut je /jɛ/ éta ['jɛːta] ; þéttur ['θjɛhtʏr̥]
ei, ey longa aut brevis /ɛi/ heim [hɛiːm] ; neysla ['nɛis̺tla]
i brevis aut longa /ɪ/ minni ['mɪnːɪ] ; vita ['vɪːta]
ante gi vel gj quodammodo sicut * /ɪiː/ sigi ['s̺ɪiːjɪ]
ante ng vel nk sicut í /i/ stinga ['s̺tiŋka]
í longa aut brevis /i/ ís [iːs̺] ; ískra ['is̺kra]
o longa aut brevis /ɔ/ von [vɔːn] ; sorg [s̺ɔrk]
ante gi et gj /ɔiː/ flogin ['flɔiːjɪn]
ó longa aut brevis /ou/ fjórir ['fjouːrɪr̥] ; kólna ['kʰoulna] ; nógir ['nouːjɪr̥]
u longa aut brevis, cuius "rectus" pronuntiatus incertus est et inter ö et y vacillat /ø/ vel /ʏ/ kul [kʰøːl] vel [kʰʏːl] ; undan ['øntan] vel ['ʏntan]
ante ng vel nk sicut ú /u/ tunga ['tʰuŋka]
ante gi vel gj sicut * /ʏiː/ flugið ['flʏiːjɪð]
prior u in verborum exitu -unum /ɔ/ augunum ['œyːɣɔnʏm]
ú longa aut brevis /u/ núna ['nuːna] ; lúðrar ['luðrar̥]
ante gi vel gj sicut *úí /uiː/ rúgi ['ruiːjɪ]
y longa aut brevis, sicut i Islandica /ɪ/, /ɪiː/, /i/ yfir ['ɪːvɪr̥] ; lygi ['lɪiːjɪ] ; þyngja ['θiɲca]
ý longa aut brevis, sicut í Islandica /i/ rýrna ['rirdna]
æ longa aut brevis /ai/ æfing ['aiːviŋk] ; hræsni ['r̥ais̺tnɪ]
ö longa aut brevis /œ/ öl [œːl] ; vöðvi ['vœðvɪ]
ante ng, nk, gi, gj sicut au Islandica /œy/ löng [lœyŋk] ; lögin ['lœyːjɪn]

Consonantes

b sicuti p non aspirata /p/ böl [pœːl]
d sicuti t non aspirata /t/ hundur ['hʏntʏr̥]
ð sicut in verbo Anglico that /ð/ verða ['vɛrða]
f initio verbi et ante f, s, þ /f/ fló [flouː] ; afþakka ['aːfθahka]
media ante l vel n, sicuti b Islandica /p/ nafn ['napn̥] ; gaflar ['kaplar̥]
media vel in verbi exitu, sicuti v Islandica /v/ sofa ['s̺ɔːva] ; af [aːv]
g initio ante e, i, í, y, ý, æ sicuti k palatalis non aspirata /c/ geysir ['cɛiːs̺ɪr̥] ; gys [cɪːs̺]
initio et ante consonantem vel aliam vocalem sicuti k non aspirata /k/ göng [kœyŋk] ; grunn [krʏnː]
intervocalica (i vocali excepta), ante r, ð et in verbi exitu /ɣ/ saga ['s̺aːɣa] ; ögra ['œɣra] ; lög [lœːɣ]
ante vocalem i /j/ lagi ['laiːjɪ]
ante s vel t /x/ hugsa ['hʏxs̺a] ; sagt [s̺axt]
gj initio et post consonantem sicuti k palatalis non aspirata /c/ gjá [cauː] ; hengja ['hɛiɲca]
post vocalem /j/ segja ['s̺ɛiːja]
h initio est nota aspirationis /h/ hús [huːs̺]
in iuncturis hl, hn, hr efficit, ut altera consonans sine voce edatur /l̥/, /n̥/, /r̥/ hlæja [ˈl̥aiːja] ; hnífur [n̥iːvʏr̥] ; hreinn [r̥ɛitn̥]
ante é sicut ch in verbo Theodisco ich [ɪç] /ç/ hér [çɛːr] ; hérna [çɛrtna]
hj sicut ch in verbo Theodisco ich [ɪç] /ç/ hjá [çauː]
hv kv in occidentali et boreali Islandia, sed /xʷ/ in Islandia meridiana /kʰv/ hver [kʰvɛːr̥]
j sicut i consonans /j/ eyja [ɛiːja] ; [juː]
k initio ante e, i, í, y, ý, æ sicuti k palatalis aspirata /cʰ/ kær [cʰaiːr̥] ; kenna ['cʰɛnːa]
initio ante reliquas vocales vel ante consonantes sicuti k aspirata /kʰ/ krakki ['kʰrahcɪ] ; köttur ['kʰœhtʏr̥]
media ante e, i, í, y, ý, æ sicuti k palatalis non aspirata /c/ skæri ['scaiːrɪ] ; banki ['pauɲ̥cɪ]
alias sicuti k non aspirata /k/ vakur ['vaːkʏr̥] ; öskra ['œs̺kra]
ante k, l, n efficit praeaspirationem /hk/ þakka ['θahka] ; sakna ['s̺ahkna] ; þökk [θœhk]
ante s vel t /x/ sjúkt [s̺juxt]
kj initio sicuti k palatalis aspirata /cʰ/ kjöt [cʰœːt]
media sicuti k palatalis non aspirata /c/ þekkja ['θɛhca]
l sicut l Latina /l/ líf [liːv] ; tala ['tʰaːla]
ante p, t, k necnon post consonantem sine voce editam in verbi exitu /l̥/ stelpa ['s̺tɛl̥pa] ; rusl [rʏs̺tl̥]
ll sonus lateralis dl similis, qui in verbi exitu sine voce editur /tl/, /tl̥/ galli ['katlɪ] ; sæll [s̺aitl̥]
tantum in quibusdam nominibus propriis, sicuti duplex l Latina /lː/ Kalli ['kʰalːɪ]
m sicuti m Latina initialis /m/ miði ['mɪːðɪ] ; lambi ['lampɪ]
ante p, t, k editur sine voce /m̥/ lampi ['lam̥pɪ]
n sicuti n Latina /n/ níu ['niːʏ] ; njóta ['njouːta]
ante t necnon post consonantem sine voce editam in verbi exitu /n̥/ vanta ['van̥ta] ; vatn [vahtn̥] ; þögn [θœkn̥]
nn post á, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ei, ey, au sonus nasalis dn similis, qui in verbi exitu sine voce editur /tn/, /tn̥/ s̺einna ['sɛitna] ; Spánn [s̺pautn̥]
in articulo hinn, -inn et alias sicuti duplex n Latina /nː/ brúnni ['brunːɪ] ; Anna ['anːa]
ng sicut ng cum g edita sine voce /ŋk/ söngur ['s̺œyŋkʏr̥] ; þing [θiŋk]
ante l et s sicut ng /ŋ/ ungs [uŋs̺]
ante t editur sine voce /ŋ̥/ þungt [θuŋ̥t]
ante i et j /ɲc/ lengi ['lεiɲcɪ] ; syngja ['s̺iɲca]
nk media et in verbi exitu sicut ng sine voce, cum g non aspirata /ŋ̥k/ tankur ['tʰauŋ̥kʏr̥]
ante i et j /ɲ̥c/ banki ['pauɲ̥cɪ]
p initio sicuti p aspirata /pʰ/ páfi ['pʰauːvɪ]
media et communiter in verbi exitu p non aspirata /p/ tapa ['tʰaːpa] ; lepja ['lɛːpja]
ante l, m, n, p efficit praeaspirationem /hp/ tappi ['tʰahpɪ] ; happ [hahp] ; kaupmaður ['kʰœyhpmaðʏr̥]
ante t sicut f /f/ september ['s̺ɛftɛmpɛr̥]
r sicut r Latina (quasi "littera canina") /r/ íþrótt ['iːθrouht] ; rós [rouːs]
ante p, t, k, s, f et in verbi exitu sine voce editur /r̥/ kort [kʰɔr̥t] ; mars [mar̥s̺] ; dagur ['taːɣʏr̥]
rl sicuti rdl, nonnumquam etiam sicuti dl /rtl/, /rtl̥/ kerling ['cʰɛrtliŋk]
rn sicuti rdn, nonnumquam etiam sicuti dn /rtn/, /rtn̥/ barn [partn̥]
s retracta, quae semper sine voce edi solet /s̺/ saga ['s̺aːɣa] ; sjö [s̺jœː]
sl sicuti sdl vel sl /stl/, /sl/ Ísland ['is̺tlant] vel ['iːs̺lant]
t initio est aspirata /tʰ/ tvær [tʰvaiːr̥]
media et in verbi exitu non aspirata /t/ matur ['maːtʏr̥] ; standa ['s̺tanta] ; vetrar ['vɛːtrar̥]
ante l, n, t efficit praeaspirationem /ht/ drottning ['trɔhtniŋk] ; vatn [vahtn̥] ; stutt [s̺tʏht]
v sicuti v Italica /v/ verk [vɛr̥k]
x sicut in verbo Theodisco Bach cum s retracta /xs̺/ vöxtur ['vœxstʏr̥] ; Laxness ['laxs̺nɛs̺]
z littera inusitata, quae hodie s scribi solet /s̺/ *íslenzka = íslenska ['is̺tlɛns̺ka]
þ sicut in verbo Anglico think /θ/ þurr [θʏrː] ; þriðji ['θrɪðjɪ]

Linguae Islandicae cum aliis linguis Scandinavicis comparatio

Ecce tabula, quae eandem sententiam in varios sermones Scandinavicos conversam demonstrat.

Lingua Sententia
Suecice Det var en fuktig, grå sommardag i slutet av juni.
Danice Det var en fugtig, grå sommerdag i slutningen af juni.
Norvegice (Bokmål) Det var en fuktig, grå sommerdag i slutten av juni.
Norvegice (Nynorsk) Det var ein fuktig, grå sumardag/sommardag i slutten/enden av juni.
Islandice Það var rakur, grár sumardagur í lok júní.
Faeroensi Tað var ein rakur/fuktigur, gráur summardagur síðst í juni.
Latine Erat dies aestivus umidus et canus exeunte mense Iunio.

Exemplar: Pater noster

Islandice

Faðir vor, þú sem ert á himnum.

Helgist þitt nafn,

til komi þitt ríki,

verði þinn vilji,

svo á jörðu sem á himni.

Gef oss í dag vort daglegt brauð.

Fyrirgef oss vorar skuldir,

svo sem vér og fyrirgefum vorum skuldunautum.

Og eigi leið þú oss í freistni,

heldur frelsa oss frá illu.

Amen.

Latine

Pater noster, qui es in caelis,

sanctificetur nomen tuum.

Adveniat regnum tuum.

Fiat voluntas tua,

sicut in caelo, et in terra.

Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie,

et dimitte nobis debita nostra,

sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris.

Et ne nos induxeris in tentationem,

sed libera nos a malo.

Amen.

Modi dicendi

Ita (est). - Já.

Minime. - Nei.

Bene venisti. - (ad virum) Velkominn. / (ad feminam vel gregem mixtum) Velkomin.

Te convenire volup est. - Gaman að hitta þig.

Salve! - Halló. / (ad virum) Sæll! / (ad feminam vel gregem mixtum) Sæl!

Vale! - Bless!

Bonum diem (tibi exopto). - Góðan daginn.

Bonum vesperum. - Gott kvöld.

Bonam noctem. - Góða nótt.

Nos videbimus! - Sjáumst!

Quomodo te habes? / Ut vales? - Hvernig hefur þú það? / Hvað segirðu?

Bene. - (vir) Góður. / (femina) Góð.

Male. - (vir) Vondur. / (femina) Vond.

Veniam mihi des. / Ignoscas, quaeso. - Fyrirgefðu.

Gratias (tibi ago). - Takk fyrir.

Accipe, sis. / Libenter. - Gjörðu svo vel. / Þú ert velkomin(n).

Mihi nomen est ... - Ég heiti ...

Quid nomen tibi est? - Hvað heitir þú?

Loquerisne Anglice? - Talar þú ensku?

Ignosce mihi, non loquor Islandice. - Því miður, ég tala ekki íslensku.

Egeo adiumento. - Ég þarf hjálp.

Ignoscas, quaeso, ubi est latrina? - Fyrirgefðu, hvar er klósettið?

Nescio. - Ég veit ekki.

Non intellego. - Ég skil ekki.

Loquerisne ... - Talar þú ...

- Anglice? - Ensku? - Gallice? - Frönsku? - Theodisce? - Þýsku? - Hispanice? - Spænsku? - Sinice? - Kínversku?

Numeri

nihil, nil - núll

unus - einn

duo - tveir

tres - þrír

quattuor - fjórir

quinque - fimm

sex - sex

septem - sjö

octo - átta

novem - níu

decem - tíu

Notae

Bibliographia


Stipula

Haec stipula ad linguam vel ad linguisticam spectat. Amplifica, si potes!

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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Trouble 2019 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2019 filmTroubleFilm posterDirected byKevin JohnsonScreenplay byRob MuirStory by Jordan Katz Rob Muir Produced byJohn H. Willi...

Porto Rico ai Giochi della XXVIII OlimpiadeAtene 2004 Codice CIO PUR Comitato nazionale Comitato Olimpico di Porto Rico Atleti partecipanti 43 in 15 discipline Di cui uomini/donne 32 - 11 Portabandiera Carlos Arroyo Medagliere Posizione - 0 0 0 0 Cronologia olimpica (sommario) Giochi olimpici estivi 1948 · 1952 · 1956 · 1960 · 1964 · 1968 · 1972 · 1976 · 1980 · 1984 · 1988 · 1992 · 1996 · 2000...

 

 

1864 battle of the American Civil War Battle of JohnsonvillePart of the American Civil WarDateNovember 4–5, 1864LocationBenton County / Humphreys County,near Johnsonville, Tennessee36°04′15″N 87°58′33″W / 36.0708°N 87.9757°W / 36.0708; -87.9757Result Confederate victoryBelligerents United States (Union) CSA (Confederacy)Commanders and leaders Charles R. ThompsonEdward M. King Nathan Bedford ForrestUnits involved Johnsonville garrison Forrest's Cavalry Div...

 

 

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