Kempen Gurun Barat

Kempen Gurun Barat
	Sebahagian daripada Kempen Afrika Utara dalam Perang Dunia Kedua
	; Kemaraan infantri Australia di El Alamein, Oktober, 1942
Tarikh	11 Jun 1940 – 4 Februari 1943; (2 tahun, 7 bulan, 3 minggu dan 3 hari)
Lokasi	Gurun Barat, Mesir dan Libya24°N 25°E / 24°N 25°EKoordinat: 24°N 25°E / 24°N 25°E
Keputusan	Kemenangan Pihak Bersekutu
Pihak yang terlibat
Empayar British United Kingdom; India; Palestin Bermandat; Sudan Mesir Inggeris; Rhodesia Selatan; Australia; New Zealand; Afrika Selatan; Perancis Bebas Empayar kolonial Perancis; Poland Bebas; Greece Bebas; Czechoslovakia Bebas	Itali; Jerman Nazi
Komandan dan pemimpin
Richard O'Connor #; Philip Neame #; Noel Beresford-Peirse; Alan Cunningham; Neil Ritchie; Claude Auchinleck; Bernard Montgomery; Leslie Morshead	Italo Balbo †; Rodolfo Graziani; Italo Gariboldi; Ettore Bastico; Erwin Rommel; Georg Stumme †; Ritter von Thoma #

Kempen Gurun Barat, atau Peperangan Gurun berlaku di Gurun Barat Mesir dan Libya dan merupakan satu kancah pertempuran dalam Kempen Afrika Utara semasa Perang Dunia Kedua. Berikutan kekalahan British di Greece dan Crete, Gurun Barat menjadi medan sesuai buat Winston Churchill dan tentera British untuk terus menentang Jerman dan, disebabkan itu, menjadi faktor penting dalam usaha perang. Bagi Adolf Hitler dan tentera Jerman yang komited kepada peperangan di kawasan luas di Rusia, peperangan di gurun dilihat sebagai aksi kecil yang bertujuan untuk menghalang Britain daripada membuat kemajuan di wilayah-wilayah yang terlibat.^[1] Markas pemerintahan Jerman tidak memberikan sumber-sumber yang mencukupi untuk mencapai kemenangan.^[2] Isu ini hanya mendapat perhatian Hitler sepenuhnya apabila sudah hampir selesai.

Kempen Gurun Barat merupakan pergelutan yang bergerak ke hulu ke hilir yang bermula dalam bulan September 1940 apabila Itali menyerang Mesir. Tentera Itali di Libya mara terhadap kedudukan tentera British dan Komanwel yang berpangkalan di Mesir untuk melindungi kepentingan British di sana. Apa yang bermula sebagai serbuan selama lima hari bertukar menjadi operasi serangan yang besar yang berakhir dengan kemusnahan tetera Itali. Melihat tanah jajahannya di Libya diancam, Benito Mussolini menyeru Hitler agar menghantar kontinjen tentera darat dan udara untuk membantu angkatan Itali daripada kejatuhan. Ini dilakukan dengan sebuah unit kecil yang dihantar dari Itali ke Tripoli, unit-unit pertama yang dipindahkan ke Afrika di bawah pemerintahan Erwin Rommel. Walaupun kesemua angkatan Paksi pada namanya diletakkan di bawah pemerintahan Itali, Jerman merupakan rakan dominan dalam pakatan tersebut.

Dalam tempoh du tahun berikutnya, angkatan Paksi di bawah Rommel melancarkan tiga serangan terhadap angkatan Bersekutu. Setiap kali, angkatan Paksi menolak Bersekutu balik kepada perbatasan Mesir, akan tetapi pihak Bersekutu berkumpul semula dan menyerang balas. Pada serang terakhir Paksi, angkatan Bersekutu ditolak jauh ke dalam wilayah Mesir. Walau bagaimanapun, di El-Alamein pihak Bersekutu pulih kembali dan kemudiannya menolak Paksi ke barat. angkatan-angkatan Paksi gagal pulih semula dan seterusnya ditolak terus keluar dari Libya hingga ke Tunisia. Bab terakhir penglibatan Paksi di Afrika berkesudahan dengan kemenangan bersekutu dalam kempen di Tunisia.

Nota

Nota kaki

^ Hoffman p. 87
^ Lewin p. 32

Bibliografi

Books

"Appendix E, H.Q. Cyrenaica Command Intelligence Summary No. 6 (23 Feb 41) WO 169/1258". The National Archives. 23 February 1941. Dicapai pada 15 March 2015.
Barr, Niall (2005) [2004]. Pendulum of War: The Three Battles of El Alamein. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-58567-738-2.
Bauer, Eddy (2000) [1979]. Peter, Young (penyunting). The History of World War II (ed. rev.). London: Orbis. ISBN 1-85605-552-3.
Bekker, Cajus (1975). The Luftwaffe War Diaries. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-306-80604-9.
Bierman, John; Smith, Colin (2003) [2002]. War Without Hate: the Desert Campaign of 1940–1943 (ed. New). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-200394-7.
Bierman, John; Smith, Colin (2002). The Battle of Alamein: Turning Point, World War II. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03040-8.
Carver, M. (2002) [1986]. Dilemmas of the Desert War: the Libyan Campaign 1940–1942 (ed. Spellmount). Staplehurst: Batsford. ISBN 1-86227-153-4.
Cooper, Matthew (1978). The German Army 1933–1945: its Political and Military Failure. Briarcliff Manor, NY: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-2468-7.
Creveld, M. van (1977). Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29793-1.
Edgerton, D. (2011). Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-713-99918-1.
Green, William (1970). Warplanes of the Third Reich. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-38505-782-2.
Hinsley, F. H.; Thomas, E. E.; Ransom, C. F. G.; Knight, R. C. (1981). British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations. History of the Second World War. II. London: HMSO. ISBN 0-11-630934-2.
Hoffman, K. (2004). Erwin Rommel. London: Brassey's. ISBN 1-85753-374-7.
Lewin, Ronald (1998) [1968]. Rommel As Military Commander. New York: B&N Books. ISBN 978-0-7607-0861-3.
von Luck, Hans (1989). Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck. New York: Dell (Random House). ISBN 0-440-20802-5.
Mackenzie, Compton (1951). Eastern Epic. London: Chatto & Windus. OCLC 1412578.
Macksey, Major Kenneth (1971). Beda Fomm: Classic Victory. Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century. New York: Ballantine Books. OCLC 473687868.
MacGregor, Andrew (2006) [2006]. A Military History of Modern Egypt: from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Security International General Interest. ISBN 0-275-98601-2.
Marcon, Tullio (1998). I Muli del Mare (dalam bahasa Italian) (ed. 3rd). Parma: Albertelli. ISBN 978-88-87372-02-1.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the Key British Generals of World War II. Stroud (UK): Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.
Neillands, Robin (2004). Eighth Army: From the Western Desert to the Alps, 1939–1945. John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-5647-3.
Pitt, Barrie (1989). Crucible of War: Western Desert 1941 (ed. New). Paragon House. ISBN 978-1-55778-232-8.
Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; with Stitt R.N., Commander G. M. S.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C.; Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (penyunting). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. I. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-065-3. Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (bantuan)
Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; with Flynn R.N., Captain F. C.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C.; Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (2004) [HMSO 1956]. Butler, J. R. M. (penyunting). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. II. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-066-1. Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (bantuan)
Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; with Flynn R.N., Captain F. C.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C.; Gleave, Group Captain T. P. (2004) [HMSO 1960]. Butler, J. R. M. (penyunting). The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. III. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-067-X. Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (bantuan)
Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; and Molony, Brigadier C. J. C.; with Flynn R.N., Captain F. C.; Gleave, Group Captain T. P. (2004) [HMSO 1966]. Butler, J. R. M. (penyunting). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. IV. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-068-8. Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (bantuan)
Porch, Douglas (2004). Hitler's Mediterranean Gamble (ed. Cassell Military Paperbacks 2005). London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson. ISBN 0-304-36705-2.
Raugh, H. E. (1993). Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship. London: Brassey's UK. ISBN 0-08-040983-0.
Rommel, Erwin (1994). Pimlott, John (penyunting). Rommel: in his own words. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-185-2.
Rommel, Erwin (1982) [1953]. Liddell Hart, Basil (penyunting). The Rommel Papers. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80157-0. Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (bantuan)
Schenk, Peter (1990). Invasion of England 1940: The Planning of Operation Sealion. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-548-9.
Watson, B. A. (2007) [1999]. Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole. ISBN 0-8117-3381-5.

Journals

Greene, Jack; Massignani, Alessandro (Jan–Feb 1993). "The Summer of '42: The Proposed Axis Invasion of Malta" (20). Conshohocken, PA: Command Magazine. ISSN 1059-5651. Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan)
Jenner, C. J. (2008). "Turning the Hinge of Fate: Good Source and the UK–U.S. Intelligence Alliance, 1940–1942". Diplomatic History. London: Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (Oxford University Press). 32 (2): 165–205. ISSN 0145-2096.
Wavell, Archibald (1946). "Despatch on Operations in the Middle East From August, 1939 to November, 1940". London: War Office. Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan) in "No. 37609". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 June 1946. London Gazette uses unsupported parameters (help)
Wavell, Archibald (1946). "Despatch on Operations in the Western Desert From 7th December, 1940 to 7th February 1941". London: War Office. Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan) in "No. 37628". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 June 1946. London Gazette uses unsupported parameters (help)
Wavell, Archibald (1946). "Despatch on Operations in the Middle East From 7th February, 1941 to 15th July 1941". London: War Office. Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan) in "No. 37638". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 July 1946. London Gazette uses unsupported parameters (help)

Reports

Roberts, Major-General G. P. B.; Bayerlein, Generalleutnant, Fritz (1956). Basil Liddell Hart (penyunting). Battle Report: Alam Halfa (Laporan). Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute, US Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 464601329. Dicapai pada 5 November 2007.
Toppe, Generalmajor Alfred (1990) [~1947]. German Experiences in Desert Warfare During World War II (PDF). The Black Vault (Laporan). II. Washington: U.S. Marine Corps: Historical Division, European Command. FMFRP 12-96-II. Dicapai pada 15 October 2013. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (bantuan); External link in |website= (bantuan)

Theses

Christie, Howard R. (1999). Fallen Eagles: The Italian 10th Army in the Opening Campaign in the Western Desert, June 1940 – December 1940 (MA). Fort Leavenworth, KS: U. S. Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 465212715. A116763. Dicapai pada 16 February 2015.

Websites

"Engagements, 1942". The History of the British 7th Armoured Division. 2001. Dicapai pada 20 February 2015.

Bacaan lanjut

Books

Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord (2002) [1957]. Danchev, Alex; Todman, Daniel (penyunting). War Diaries 1939–1945 (ed. rev.). London: Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212-526-5.
Beaumont, Joan (1996). Australia's War, 1939–1945. Melbourne: Allen & Unwin; ISBN 1-86448-039-4.
Carver, Field Marshal Lord (2000) [1962]. El Alamein (ed. New). Ware, Herts. UK: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 978-1-84022-220-3.
Carver, Field Marshal Lord (1964). Tobruk. Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-23376-9.
Churchill, Winston S. (1986) [1949]. Their Finest Hour. The Second World War. II. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-41056-8.
Churchill, Winston S. (1985) [1950]. The Grand Alliance. The Second World War. III. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-41057-6.
Churchill, Winston S.; Gilbert, Martin (1993). The Churchill War Papers. London: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-01959-4.
Clifford, Alexander (1943). Three against Rommel. London: George G. Harrap. OCLC 480338570.
Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D., penyunting (2005) [1995]. The Oxford Companion to World War II. Mazal Holocaust Collection. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280666-6.
Glassop, Lawson (1992) [1944]. We Were the Rats (ed. Penguin). Sydney: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-14-014924-4.
Harrison, Frank (1999) [1996]. Tobruk: The Great Siege Reassessed. Brockhampton Press. ISBN 1-86019-986-0.
Jentz, Thomas L. (1996). Panzer Truppen: The Complete Guide to the Creation & Combat Employment of Germany's Tank Force 1933–1942. I. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0-88740-915-6.
Jentz, Thomas L. (1998). Tank Combat in North Africa: The Opening Rounds. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0-7643-0226-4.
Latimer, Jon (2002). Alamein. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6203-7.
Latimer, Jon (2000). Operation Compass 1940: Wavell's Whirlwind Offensive. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-85532-967-0.
Latimer, Jon (2004). Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-275-98287-4.
Long, Gavin (1961) [1952]. To Benghazi. Official History of Australia in the Second World War Series 1 (Army). I. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 314648263.
Lucas-Phillips, C. E. (1962). Alamein. London: Heinemann. OCLC 3510044.
Maughan, Barton (1966). Tobruk and El Alamein. Official History of Australia in the Second World War Series 1 (Army). III. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 954993. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-09-08. Dicapai pada 2015-10-03.
von Mellenthin, Major General F. W. (1971) [1956]. Panzer Battles: A Study of the Employment of Armour in the Second World War (ed. First). New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-24440-0.
Walker, Ian W. (2003). Iron hulls, iron hearts: Mussolini's elite armoured divisions in North Africa. Marlborough: Crowood. ISBN 978-1-86126-646-0.
Walker, Ronald (1967). Alam Halfa and Alamein. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945. Wellington, NZ: Historical Publications Branch. OCLC 504337535.

Reports

Thompson, D. H. (2002). Discarded Victory: North Africa, 1940–1941 (PDF) (Laporan). USAWC strategy research project. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College. OCLC 50872739. Dicapai pada 9 July 2015.
Tosch, D. F. (1987). German Operations in North Africa: A Case Study of the Link Between Operational Design and Sustainment (Report). Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph. Fort Leavenworth, KS: School of Advanced Military Studies U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 17455859. ADA 184732. Dicapai pada 28 March 2015.

Theses

Dando, N. (2014). The Impact of Terrain on British Operations and Doctrine in North Africa 1940–1943 (PhD). Plymouth University. OCLC 885436735. Dicapai pada 25 March 2015.
LaFace, J. L. (2001). Tactical Victory Leading to Operational Failure: Rommel in North Africa (Monograph). Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies. OCLC 831724060. Docket ADA 397473. Dicapai pada 28 March 2015.
Snead, L. R. (6 May 1994). Wavell's Campaigns in the Middle East: An Analysis of Operational Art and the Implications for Today (Monograph). Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph. Fort Leavenworth, KS: School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 831935679. Docket ADA 284720. Dicapai pada 9 March 2015.