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Pāṇiniansk morfofonologi i Nord-Amerika

Pāṇiniansk morfofonologi i Nord-Amerika.

Bokstaven p i devanāgari-skrift

På 1930- og 1940-talet publiserte nokre lingvistar som elles stod sentralt i strukturalistisk fonologi, arbeid som viser direkte påverknad frå sanskrit-grammatikaren Pāṇini (devanāgari: पाणिनि; 5. el. 6. hundreåret f. Kr.). Desse arbeida bryt med det ein normalt tenkjer på som strukturalistisk fonologi, og bør oppfattast som ei nyutvikling i europeisk-amerikansk lingvistikk – trass i det 2 500 år gamle førebiletet.

Personar

Leonard Bloomfield

Jakob Wackernagel (1853-1938)

Leonard Bloomfield (1887–1949) studerte 1913–14 samanliknande indoeuropeisk språkvitskap ved Universität Leipzig og Universität Göttingen. I Göttingen studerte han hos sanskrit-spesialisten Jacob Wackernagel, og blei påverka av den rigorøse grammatiske analysen til sanskrit-grammatikaren Pāṇini (5. el. 6. hundreåret f. Kr.). Påverknaden viser seg mellom anna i artiklane "On Some Rules of Pāṇini" (1927)[1] og "Menomini morphophonemics" (1939).[2] I den sistnemnde artikkelen beskriv Bloomfield morfofonologien (=morfofonemikken) i det algonkiske språket menomini (eigentleg omāēqnomenew) i ein modell der eit sett med morfofonologiske reglar endrar den fonologiske forma på morfem frå eit morfofonologisk til eit fonemisk nivå, og reglane er ordna.

Charles F. Hockett

Charles F. Hockett (1916–2000), som tidleg i studietida blei kjend med Bloomfield og arbeida hans, tok doktorgraden (i antropologi) i 1939 på grammatikken til det algonkiske språket potawatomi (eigentleg bodéwadmimwen), mellom anna med ein omfattande analyse av morfofonologien, i same modellen som Bloomfield nytta i "Menomini morphophonemics".[3] Han konstruerte ei ’’baseform’’ (engelsk ’’basic form’’) i ein ’’morfofonemisk notasjon’’ (engelsk ’’morphophonemic notation’’) for kvart morfem og lét eit sett med ordna ’’transformasjonsreglar’’ (engelsk ’’rules of transformation’’) verke fram til ei ’’fonemisk form’’ (engelsk ’’phonemic shape’’), til dømes slik at //nUt+pukˑUč+wep+N+a// ’let go of him’ blei til /ntupkˑučwepna/.

Roman Jakobson

Roman Jakobson (1896–1982) publiserte i 1948 artikkelen Russian conjugation, der også han nyttar denne pāṇinianske modellen.[4]

Rulon S. Wells III

Artikkelen Automatic alternations (1949) av Rulon S. Wells III (1919–2008) er endå eit godt døme på pāṇiniansk morfofonologi.[5] John Golsmith drøfter denne artikkelen i Generative phonology in the late 1940s[6], og skriv mellom anna:

  • In this paper, Wells introduces explicitly all of the reasoning that would characterize the heart of generative phonology: (i) underlying forms (which he calls "basic forms") which may be abstract, (ii) rules that derive surface (phonemic) forms from the underlying forms by rules that dynamically modify a segment in the rule's focus when it occurs in a particular phonological environment, (iii) the crucial character of rule ordering in some cases, and (iv) the necessity of intermediate forms in a derivation.

Seinare arbeid

Modellen er også drøft av Zellig S. Harris (1909–1992) i boka Methods in Structural Linguistics (1951).[7] Masteravhandlinga til Noam Chomsky (1928–) frå 1951, Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew.[8] nyttar den same modellen.[9]

Tekniske detaljar

Fotnotar

  1. Leonard Bloomfield 1927. On Some Rules of Pāṇini. Journal of the American Oriental Society 47: 61-70.
  2. Leonard Bloomfield 1939. Menomini morphophonemics. S. 105–115 i Études phonologiques dédiées à la mémoire de M. le prince N.S. Trubetzkoy. (Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 8.) Prague.
  3. Charles F. Hockett 1948. Potawatomi. International Journal of American Linguistics 14: 1–10, 63–73, 139–149, 213–225.
  4. Roman Jakobson 1948. Russian conjugation. I: Roman Jakobson 1971. Selected Writings. Vol. II. The Hague: Mouton.
  5. Rulon S. Wells 1949. Automatic alternations. Language 25: 99–116.
  6. ↑ John Goldsmith 2007. Generative phonology in the late 1940s. Artikkelen ligg her: http://hum.uchicago.edu/~jagoldsm/Webpage/index.html Arkivert 2009-12-04 ved Wayback Machine.
  7. Zellig S. Harris 1951. Methods in Structural Linguistics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  8. Noam Chomsky 1951. Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew. Master's thesis, University of Pennsylvania.
  9. Kontinuiteten frå Bloomfield o.a. fram til Chomsky er drøft i E. F. K. Koerner 2004. Essays in the history of linguistics. (Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science. Series 3. Studies in the history of the language sciences vol. 104.) Amsterdam : John Benjamins.

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